GLOSSARY

1. CGEGreenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training Workey categoryhopPretoria, 18-22 Sept. 2006AGRICULTURE SECTORSERGIO GONZÁLEZ (CHILE)IPCC TFB MEMBERUNFCCC LEAD REVIEWER

2. AD activity data, either statistics or parameters AI (Party) Annex I (Party) AWMM animal waste manure management CRF Common Reporting Framework CS country-specific DT decision tree EF emission factor EFDB emission factor database EIT (Parties with) Economies in transition GE gross energy GHG greenhouse gas(es) IE included elsewhere IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change GIT Greenhouse Gases Inventory Team MCF methane conversion factor NAI (Party) non-Annex I (Party) NE not estimated NO not occurrying QA/QC quality assurance and quality control VS volatile solids GLOSSARY

3. CONTENT • PART 1. GUIDELINES OVERVIEW • PART 2. INVENTORY ELABORATION SIMULATION

4. PART 1GUIDELINES OVERVIEW • Principles and definitions • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories • 2000 Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories • Emission factors database (EFDB) • UNFCCC software

5. Principles and Definitions Inventory Training Workey categoryhop, Agriculture Sector

6. PRINCIPLES • National GHG inventories should be precise and reliable • For this, National GHG inventories should fulfill the TACCC atributes, that is to be: • Transparent • Accurate • Complete • Consistent • Comparable

7. PRINCIPLES • Transparency: assumptions and methodologies, clearly explained to facilitate replication and assessment by users of the reported information • Consistency: inventory internally consistent in all its elements with inventories of other years (same methodologies for the base and all subsequent years; consistent data sets to estimate emissions/removals from sources/sinkey category)

8. PRINCIPLES • Comparability: emissions/removals estimates reported by AI Parties, comparable among them (methodologies and formats agreed by the COP; allocation of source/sink categories, following the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines) • Completeness: all sources/sinkey category & all gases included in the IPCC Guidelines, other existing relevant source/sink categories specific to an AI Party & full geographic coverage of sources/sinkey category of an AI Party

9. PRINCIPLES • Accuracy: relative measure of the exactness of emission/removal estimate. Estimates are systematically neither over nor under true emissions/removals, as far as can be judged, and uncertainties reduced as far as practicable. Appropriate methodologies used, in accordance with the 2000 IPCC-GPG

10. DEFINITIONS Taken from 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance • A national system (for an Annex I Party): includes all institutional, legal and procedural arrangements made within a Party for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinkey category of all GHG not controlled by the Montreal Protocol and for reporting and archiving inventory information

11. DEFINITIONS Taken from 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance • Good practice (GP): • set of procedures intended to ensure that GHG inventories are accurate in the sense that they are systematically neither over- nor underestimated as far as can be judged and that uncertainties are reduced as far as possible • GP covers choice of estimation methods appropriate to national circumstances, QA and QC at the national level, quantification of uncertainties and data archiving, and reporting to promote transparency

12. DEFINITIONS Taken from 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance • QC: system of routine technical activities to measure and control the quality of the inventory as it is being developed. The QC system is designed to: • provide routine and consistent checkey category to ensure data integrity, correctness and completeness • identify and address errors and omissions • document and archive inventory material and record all QC activities • QC activities include general methods such as accuracy checkey category on data acquisition and calculations and the use of approved standardized procedures for emission calculations, measurements, estimating uncertainties, archiving information and reporting • Higher tier QC activities also include technical reviews of source categories, activity and emission factor data and methods

13. DEFINITIONS Taken from 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance • QA activities: planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the inventory compilation development process, to verify that data quality objectives were met, ensure that the inventory represents the best possible estimate of emissions and sinkey category given the current state of scientific knowledge and data available, and support the effectiveness of the QC programme

14. DEFINITIONS Taken from 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance • key category category: one that is prioritized within the national GHG inventory because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total inventory of direct GHG in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both • In practice, one that contributes with 1% or more of national emissions and belongs to the group of categories holding the higher 95% of total national emissions

15. DEFINITIONS Taken from 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance • Significant sub-category: one that contributes in a significant way to total emissions of the category, expressed in terms of CO2-equivalent • In practice, the threshold level is 25% of total emissions of the category

16. DEFINITIONS Taken from 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance • Decision tree: flow-chart describing the specific ordered steps which need to be followed to develop an inventory or an inventory component in accordance with the principles of good practice

17. AGRICULTURE SECTOR MAIN CHARACTERISTICS ONLY EMISSIONS OF GHG, NO CAPTURES of CO2 NO CO2 RELEASE. EMISSIONS ARE BALANCED BY PHOTOSYNTHESIS (emissions, reported but not accounted) GASES EMITTED: non-CO2 gases (CH4, N2O, CO, NOX, NMVOC) SCOPE: DIRECT/INDIRECT ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS FROM ANIMAL PRODUCING ACTIVITIES AND SOIL MANAGEMENT NON-ENERGY EMISSIONS: DUE TO MICROBIAL PROCESSES IN SOILS AND WATERS, AND BIOMASS COMBUSTION ANNUAL DATA CONFORMED BY THE AVERAGE OF THREE CONSECUTIVE YEARS (not considered by 2006 Guidelines)

18. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/gpgaum_es.htm Emission Factors Database (EFDB) www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php GHG Inventory Software for the Workbook unfccc.int/resources/cd_roms/nai/ghg_inventories/index.htm

19. SUMMARY TABLE: GASES 1 No default IPCC method 2 Reported but not accounted due to zero balance 3 Emitted but not considered

20. CATEGORIES • Related to animal production: • Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH4 emissions from ruminants and non-ruminants domesticated animals • Manure Management (4B1): CH4 emissions from manure managed under anaerobic conditions (confined conditions) • Manure Management (4B2): N2O emissions from manure treated under different treatment systems (confined conditions) • Related to cropping systems: Rice cultivation (4C): CH4 emissions from the surface of flooded soils

21. CATEGORIES • Related to croplands: Agricultural Soils (4D): N2O emissions from the surface of soils that receives anthropogenic N inputs: • fertilizers, manure, crop residues, compost, sewage sludges, N-fixing plants, histosolS cultivation, as direct or primary emissions, and • environmental fate of applied N, as indirect or secondary emissions • Related to fire: • Prescribed savannasS burning (4E): non-CO2 gas emissions due to periodic biomass burning (CH4, N2O, and precursors CO, NOX, NMVOC) • Crop residue burning (4F): non-CO2 gas emissions due to dead biomass burning (CH4, N2O, and precursors CO, NOX, NMVOC)

22. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for the Elaboration of National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Inventory Training Workey categoryhop, Agriculture Sector

23. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Guidelines: NAI Parties should use 1996 IPCC Guidelines for estimating and reporting GHG inventories www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm • Structure: • Volume 1: GHG Inventory Reporting Instructions • Volume 2: GHG Inventory Workbook • Volume 3: GHG Inventory Reference Manual • Complementary Resources: • UNFCCC software • EFDB 2000 IPCC-GPG complements the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines

24. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Methodologies and Reporting (1) • Methods: based on various “tiers”: • Tier 1 is thedefault method • For some sink/source categories, IPCC-GL provide higher tier methods (Tier 2: similar to T1 but applying CS emission factors) • Preference must be given to T3 or national methodologies, if consistent with IPCC principles • Activity Data and Emission Factors: most methods based in multiplication of AD by one or more EFs. • Tier 1 methods include default EF and even default AD • NAI Parties are encouraged to use national/regional EFs

25. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Activity data (main barrier for NAI Parties) • Two different types: • Statistical sources (AD1) • Parameters and constants (AD2) • AD1: • Regularly collected and published • QC procedures implemented • Free and easy access • AD2: • Specialized journals • Research and academic centres • Technical government agencies

26. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • General Tier 1 method • If no AD2 is needed • Emission = AD1 · EF • Example: Emission = Cattle population x EFCH4 • If AD2 is needed • Emission = AD1 · AD2 · EF • Example: Em = Burned biomass · C content in biomass · EFN2O

27. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Tier 2 method • Same structure than Tier 1 (Em = AD x EF) • Use of country-specific emission factors and activity data (AD1 and AD2) • Tier 3 method • Country-specific methodologies (models, surveys, census, others) • Documented and reported in a transparent way

28. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Methodologies and Reporting (3) • Uncertainties: possible causes and how to manage them are explained in Vol 1, Annex 1 • Documentation: Reports should include: • Information to enable reconstruction of inventory • All workey categoryheets used in preparing the inventory • Explanation and documentation of national methods/data used (transparency) • Written summary of verification procedures used and an assessment of quality/completeness of estimates

29. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Categories (1) • Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH4 emissions by ruminants and non-ruminants domesticated animals • Information organized by animal species • Tier 1 method: Emission = Species population · Species EF • Tier 2 method (for cattle only) uses enhanced characterisation of livestock, which results in estimation of annual feed intake (used to estimate specific EFs) • Tier 3 methods: regional/national methodologies (mainly, models)

30. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Categories (2) • Manure Management (4B): CH4 (4Ba) and N2O (4Bb) emissions from anaerobic decomposition of manure during storage • Information organized by animal groups and manure management systems (MMS) • Tier 1 method requires livestock population data perclimate regionand AWMSand uses default EFs. • Tier 2 method (for cattle, swine and sheep CH4 emissions) estimates EF according to manure characteristics (VS, Bo, MCF)

31. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Categories (3) • Rice Cultivation (4C): CH4 emissions from anaerobic decomposition of organic tissues in paddy fields. N2O emissions –if any- reported under 4D • Only Tier 1 method provided • AD: harvested area by rice ecosystem, water management type and use of organic amendments • Basic EFestimated for permanent flooding and no organic amendments/fertilizers usage • Scaling of basic EFto account for crop practices, multiple cropping, ecosystem type, water regime, organic amendments, soil type 2006 IPCC Guidelines extended the scope to manmade wetlands

32. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Categories (4) • Agricultural Soils (4D):N2O emissions only(no methods for potential CH4 emissions and removals, or N2O removals) • Tier 1 method for both direct/indirect emissions: • N2O emissions: • requiresstatistical AD(N applied as fertilizer-manure-crop residue; N-fixing crops area; cultivated histosol area) and parametric AD (fixing N ratio per crop, residues produced per crop, crop residues faction returned to soil, N/C ratio of biomass) • direct emissions requires 2 EFs(for N inputs to soil and histosol cultivation) • Indirect emissions requires 2 EFs (for volatilisation; for runoff and leaching)

33. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Categories (5) • Agricultural Soils (4D): • Direct N2O emissions from: • Area of cultivated soils • Pasture paddock and range • Indirect N2O emissions from: • volatilisation and deposition of fertilizer/manure-N • leaching and runoff of fertilizers/manure-N • discharge of human sewage into rivers or estuaries

34. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Categories (6) • Prescribed burning of savannass (4E):N2O, CH4, CO, NOx and NMVOC emissionsfrom burning of dead and alive aboveground biomass • Tier 1: based on default AD2 and EF for every gas • Required AD: • AD1: area burned per year • AD2: biomass accumulated; fraction of biomass burned; combustion efficiency; oxidised biomass; C and water content of biomass; N/C ratio, others)

35. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Categories (7) • Field burning of agricultural residues (4F): GHG (N2O, CH4) and O3 precursor gas emissions (CO, NOX, NMVOC)due to on-site burning of crop residues (dead biomass) • Tier 1 method, similar to prescribed burning of savannass • Other uses of crop residues (off-site burning, soil application, animal consumption, others) should be accounted and subtracted from total residue produced • Main sub-categories: • cereals (wheat, barley, oat, rye, rice, maize) • pulses (peas, lentils, beans, fabas, chick-pea) • tuber and root (potatoes, beet) • sugar cane • others (fruit and forest trees)

36. SUMMARY TABLE: Available Methods • Enteric fermentation T1 T2 • Manure management-CH4 T1 T2 • Manure management-N2O T1 • Rice cultivation T1 • Agricultural soils T1a T1b • savannass burning T1 • Crop residue burning T1 T3: country-specific methods (mainly, models)

37. 2000 GPG and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Inventory Training Workey categoryhop, Agriculture Sector

38. 2000 GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (referred as 2000-GPG): • Chapter 1: Introduction • Chapter 2 Energy • Chapter 3: Industrial Processes • Chapter 4: Agriculture • Chapter 5: Waste • Chapter 6: Uncertainty • Chapter 7: Methodology • Chapter 8: QA/QC plus annexes and other general information

39. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • 2000-GPG complements the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines • 2000-GPG includes cross-cutting issues to ensure the fulfilment of quality requisites (compulsory for AI Parties; recommended for NAI Parties) • 2002-GPG allows better focusing the efforts/resources to get a more accurate and reliable inventory

40. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • Improvement due to 2000-GPG, mainly related to: • completeness: consideration of all sources/sinkey category, gases, geographical coverage, years of the time series • accuracy: • methodological focusing (method, emission factors, activity data), through source-specific decision trees • uncertainty measurements at source level • QA/QC procedures, either general or at sectoral level • consistency: along the time-series • transparency: reporting and documentation, archiving

41. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • Methodological guidance for the elaboration of an accurate inventory • At sectoral level, text focused on the right application of the decision trees at category level • To ensure the incidence of all the cross-cutting issues (completeness, transparency, uncertainty, QA/QC, time series), the inventory team should apply the next checklist at any source level: • is the source well covered (sub-categories, gases, years, territory)? • are emission estimates transparent? • is uncertainty measured/estimated and how? • are QA/QC program defined and applied?

42. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • Main methodological issues (linked to the decision trees): • Tiers (methods, calculation procedure) • Emission factors • Activity data: • Regularly collected statistics (AD1) • Parameters (partitioning coefficients, others), measurable but usually not collected (AD2) Estimates = EF * AD1 * AD2

43. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • It is good practice to: • use of country-specific methods along with country-specific emission factors and activity data, to better reflect national conditions • have emission factor from each environmental unit of the Party • use systematically and regularly published activity data (AD1) and experimentally measured parameters (AD2)

44. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • EMISSION FACTORS • development highly costly and not easy • few NAI-Parties, investing in developing CS-emission factors (Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Chile) • majority of NAI-Parties, associated to default emission factors and parametric activity data • preference should be given to regional/national emission factors (cluster of Parties)

45. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • ACTIVITY DATA • Main barrier for many NAI-Parties: lack of valid activity data (updated, detailed, checked, published) • Option for NAI-Parties to improve collection systems provided they are important for national planning • Option for statistical data (AD1): database of international organizations (FAO, IRRI) • Option for parametric data (AD2): country-specific values, cluster of countries with similar national circumstances, IPCC defaults, national expert’s opinion

46. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • ACTIVITY DATA • Order of preference: • National/government statistics agencies • National research/academic centres (specific surveys, census, others) • International databases • Cluster of parties having similar national conditions (environmental, economic, technological) • National expert’s judgment

47. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • INTERNATIONAL DATA SOURCES SHOULD: • come from recognized intergovernmental organizations • be regularly updated, maintained and disseminated • generated by the countries themselves • easily accessible by UNFCCC secretariat and parties • contain sufficient available information to assess the applicability of the data (e.g., criteria and rules for data collection, archiving and updating, definitions used, and geographic coverage)

48. INVENTORY ELABORATIONPREVIOUS STEPS • DEFINITION OF KEY CATEGORIES • DEFINITION OF SIGNIFICANT SUB-CATEGORIES • SELECTION OF METHODS TO BE USED (AT CATEGORY LEVEL) • MASS BALANCE (END-USES) OF SHARED ITEMS (CROP RESIDUES, ANIMAL MANURE, FOREST BIOMASS) • SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION, AT LEVEL ACCORDING TO THE METHODS DEFINED

49. PREVIOUS STEPS:(1) key category DEFINITION • First step in producing national GHG inventory: key category definition (level, trend) at national level • For key categories, it is good practice to estimate emissions/captures applying CS methods (Tier 3) or Tier 2 methods and CS emission factors • It allows better focusing of the always scarce financial and human resources available for the inventory elaboration

50. PREVIOUS STEPS:(1) key category DEFINITION • NAI-Parties are encouraged to fulfil this condition only if they own the AD that a more detailed methodology askey category for or may collect them without jeopardizing the resources for the whole inventory system • If the answer is no, the level of detail must go down until a balance with the available AD is reached