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MPAs, Marine Renewables and Spatial Fisheries Management

MPAs, Marine Renewables and Spatial Fisheries Management. Beth Scott, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen b.e.scott@abdn.ac.uk. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries Science Fishmongers' Hall, London. outline. What is changing?

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MPAs, Marine Renewables and Spatial Fisheries Management

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  1. MPAs, Marine Renewables and Spatial Fisheries Management Beth Scott, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen b.e.scott@abdn.ac.uk

  2. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London outline • What is changing? • How do these changes affect fisheries? • How to make best use of changes • Spatial Fisheries Management based on locations of populations • Conclusions

  3. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London What is changing?

  4. Scotland ? Network of MPAs ~ 25% of English waters

  5. Offshore Wind

  6. B_Scott_ New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries Science _Fishmongers' Hall, London Rounds 1, 2 & 3 WindFarms

  7. Tidal Stream

  8. Waves

  9. B_Scott_ New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries Science _Fishmongers' Hall, London Wave & Tidal Sites

  10. Tidal + wave + wind + SACs

  11. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London How do these changes effect fisheries? • MPAs - positive, negative or neutral for fisheries?

  12. MPAs for healthy, productive, sustainable seas NOT Parks! Resilience via biodiversity and replication. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London MPAs – what are they for?Why are we protecting what we can’t see?

  13. UK MPA Networks • England (all) and Wales (outside 12 miles) design was led by stakeholders based on representation of 20-30% of each of 23 Broad Scale Habitats & 32 threatened and/or declining species. • Scotland – based on Marine Priority Features (functional importance of habitat & species)

  14. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London • Using 40 data sets from 12 European marine reserves • Response linked to different traits (life span, size, schooling behaviour, etc) • Densitiesof commercial species greater in protected than unprotected areas. • Biggersized species increased most • Mobile species benefited from protection similar to sedentary ones. • Non-commercial species rarely responded to protection, if they did they - densities were lower inside reserves

  15. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Windsock – Cod closure Fully closed in 2004 , surveyed in partnership with industry in 2008

  16. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London More cod on soft substrate within closed area

  17. The Windsock closure positive impact • haddock and larger anglerfish• large cod and haddock showed positive trends only in the most recent period• lesser spotted dogfish, as well as other elasmobranchs, increased markedly adverse effect on:• small fish, particularly Norway pout and poor cod Difference in abundance at length B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Similar results to many MPA reviews: Large sized fish increase, smaller sized fish decline

  18. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London How do these changes affect fisheries? • Lots of new and collated spatial data sets

  19. UKSEAMAP 2010

  20. Different layers: e.g. Kinetic energy & sediment type

  21. UK Fisheries: mean annual value of landings for VMS & non-VMS vessels

  22. Foreign Fisheries: Vessel Effort

  23. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Summary for MPAs • MPAs will change locations of fishing – what might be displacement effects? • Different for different gear types: more disruptive gear types will have most restrictions within MPAs • Evidence base: MPA can improve abundance and increase age structure (more bigger/older fish) • Challenge to the fishing industry & fisheries managers: DEFINE best locations / protection levels for UK MPAs to enhance fishing

  24. How do these changes affect fisheries? • RENEWABLES - positive, negative or neutral for fisheries?

  25. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Wind Farms • Overlap with current fishing areas – so displacement occurs: de facto MPAs • Mainly in shallow < 25 m sandy southern North Sea • In general positive for increase in biodiversity – adds hard habitat - potential for mussel ⁄ shellfish farming • Jury is still out on longer term effects on fish species. BUT – provides ‘experimental’ evidence of differences between changes in sediment types and changes in types and levels of fishing pressures

  26. Herring and sprat abundance Fish captured per minute Farm constructed in 2004 Are wind farms affecting pelagic prey fish? (noise)

  27. Inigo Martinez: ROV of Saithe Oil and gas: more fish very close to platforms

  28. Inigo Martinez: ROV of Saithe

  29. Inigo Martinez: ROV of Saithe

  30. ● platform present● platform absent 60°N 1 3 7 2 55°N 4 6 5 50°N 5°W 10°E 0° 5°E Oil and gas: more older fish very close to platforms Toyonobu Fujii, Oceanlab, Aberdeen t.fujii@abdn.ac.uk

  31. Wave and Tidal Mike Bell (ICIT, Bell et al 2010) Locations of overlap with fisheries are low < 2%

  32. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London EMEC Using wave energy sites as nursery grounds to augment wider lobster stocks • Scottish Government funded project: • (EMEC + ICIT + Orkney Sustainable Fisheries Ltd + • Orkney Fishermen’s Association + Seafish Scotland) • Creating a voluntary no-take zone at the wave test site • Hatchery 12,000 tagged juvenile lobsters • Monitoring via participation of local fishermen in capturing, recording and releasing tagged lobsters

  33. Stratified Frontal Mixed Possible effects of tidal stream energy removalChange location of frontal regions? Pentland Firth Location of Frontal areas

  34. Stratified Frontal Mixed Possible effects of tidal stream energy removalChange location of frontal regions? CHANGE in Location of Frontal areas

  35. Shelf Impacts Change in average tide amplitude with the introduction of the Severn Barrage across the whole shelf. (extract 20 TWh / yr up to 8 GW/hr 5.3% of UK energy needs) Max = 16 cm Min = -4 cm Courtesy of Ian Walkington, Uni of Liverpool, School of Engineering and Kevin Horsbrough, NOC

  36. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Summary Renewables • Wind farms: more direct effect on spatial availability of fishing areas. Use for mariculture? • Wave, Tide & Wind: many UNKNOWNS and indirect effects on local and whole shelf spatial scales • All provide a variety of ‘experiments’ that should be carefully exploited & at very least monitored to better understand i) changes to benthic communities ii) changes to water column mixing iii) affects of type & level of fishing

  37. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Making the best use of a changing future: Spatial Fishing – Spatial Management

  38. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London COD – a mobile species: Proof of local sub populations!

  39. Cod sub populations: with different SSB & asynchronous recruitment? • genetics • tagging- recapture • otolith shape & chemistry • locations of spawning females ICES WKCOD Report 2011 colour = separate populations white = seasonal movement

  40. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London ICES 6.4.2 Advice June 2011 (Cod-347.pdf) “….cod in the North Sea are composed of a complex of more or less isolated sub-stocks and the southern units have been subjected to disproportionately high rates of mortality.”

  41. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Quotas set at larger whole North Sea scalewhich contains at least 3 if not 8 sub stocks

  42. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Data has always been collected spatially in Round Fish areas. • Therefore not difficult to move to sub population stock assessment. • Allows understand of which spatial areas to protect. Cod SSB ICES, Advice 2010, Book 6

  43. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Summary: Spatial Fisheries • Stock assessment needs to mirror real spatial population structure • Management should be a partnership between government and industry • Ownership and management of local fish populations should be based on local governance • Fishing industry could provide data to reveal changes in size at age / maturity and assist rapid decisions on management measures

  44. B_Scott New Challenges and Opportunities in Fisheries ScienceFishmongers' Hall, London Conclusions: the future of fisheries spatial management? • Make MPAs work for fisheries management issues. What are best locations for fisheries? • Anticipate what Renewables may change & engage with Energy Industries to make use of de-facto MPA effects. • Stock assessment = real population structure. • Fisheries moving to local population ownership and management?

  45. Hosted by 6th World Fisheries Congress 7th -11th May 2012 Edinburgh, Scotland Sustainable Fisheries in a Changing World www.6thwfc2012.com

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