Security Environment During Coalition Operations

1. Security Environment During Coalition Operations

2. Preview Future Security Challenges Security Concerns for Armed Forces Regional Military Security Cooperation Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats Integration in Coalition Operations

3. Future Security Challenges

4. Future Security Challenges Globalisation Rising Importance of Non State Actors Technology Proliferation Environmental Considerations Population Growth

5. Future Security Challenges Globalisation Broader interstate engagements Permeability of national borders Emergence of cultural homogeneity Undermining sense of community Security threats know no boundaries

6. Future Security Challenges Rising Importance of Non State Actors Non-state actors will shape global security NGOs capable of influencing policy issues Compete with governments in foreign policy formulation Technology Proliferation Security planners will face the world in which the technological and military capabilities are not unique or limited Capabilities such as surveillance systems, nuclear powered submarines and long range cruise missiles will proliferate

7. Future Security Challenges Future Security Challenges Environmental Considerations Water, energy and land have traditionally been sources of conflict Increased demand on supply of fresh water Compliance with legislation and emission standards affects operational planning Population Growth Uneven distribution of worlds’ population World population growth can influence intrastate conflict as well as produce large scale migration

8. Security Concerns for Armed Forces

9. Security Concerns for Armed Forces Paradigm Shift in Nature of Conflicts Asymmetric Threats Irregular Forces Unorthodox Approach Negate Conventional Combat Power Offsetting Conventional Capabilities Increasing Emphasis on Asymmetric Strategies Jungle/ Urban Warfare New Focus Terrorism and Proxy Wars Emerge as Strategic Challenges

10. Security Concerns for Armed Forces Information systems vulnerable to exploitation by adversary Opponents’ methods have little relevance to Geneva Conventions or Just Wars Intensification of media scrutiny and influencing public opinion

11. Regional Military Security Cooperation

12. Regional Military Security Cooperation Most armies involved in fighting terrorism Terrorist threat increasing everyday Basic institutional assumptions, organised structures and policies need examination Reorganisation of armies to operate in full spectrum of warfare required Armies to be able to participate in coalition environment to counter terrorism, insurgency and proxy war

13. Regional Military Security Cooperation Imperatives for Regional Cooperation National governments will always approve such operations Command and control structures contingent upon national sensitivities and policies Terrorism to be defined under aegis of United Nations No state or non state sponsor be allowed to justify terrorism

14. Regional Military Security Cooperation Balancing Capability Development Military organisations and capabilities are based on perceived security threats Asymmetric threats are the main focus of security policy and co-operation in the region Most armies in the region have limited resources Need to recognize threat and balanced organisation Look for a security system that lowers risk of uncertainty

15. Regional Military Security Cooperation Security Cooperation : Multidimensional The spectrum of the challenge is complex and multi-dimensional The worst case scenario to be factored in Challenge is how to co-operate and arrive at the appropriate degree of consensus in identifying response Militaries are conservative institutions with long lead times to change Technological advances must be shaped to strengthen military cooperation

16. Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats

17. Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats Necessity to institutionalise direct and indirect measures to tackle terrorism Action plan in the region to isolate the terrorists First step is to identify the terrorists’ centres of gravity Populace constitutes a centre of gravity for terrorists Difference from Conventional Operations Operations are required to aim at `control’ as against `destruction’ Temperament required to control the populace

18. Coalition Strategy to Counter Asymmetric Threats Home Truths Proactive actions invite reaction and collateral damage People friendly operations as per laws of the land Impeccable code of conduct Uphold human rights Avoid inconvenience to population Win hearts and minds of the population No quick solutions for such warfare as armies involved will have to be trained, physically and psychologically, for long hauls

19. Integration in Coalition Operations

20. Integration in Coalition Operations Problems of Coalition Participation National and military command issues create difficulties Coalition missions generally exceed span of control Decision making is slow due to complexities of a coalition Consensus creation amongst the participating nations takes time Standards of force capability and levels of military training vary Differences in language, tradition, and culture impact operations

21. Integration in Coalition Operations Criteria for Success Assured consensus before commiting military forces Planning and coordination Communications systems Force Structure Trained Personnel Intelligence Capacity

22. Integration in Coalition Operations Coalition Command Relationship Ad hoc coalitions are based on temporary agreements and less formal than standing alliances Psychological and sociological problems are generated by differences among coalition partners in culture, customs, religion and standards of living Lack of confidence in coalition leadership as forces assigned to the coalition operate under a variety of national employment restrictions

23. Integration in Coalition Operations Coalition Command Relationship Requirement to develop sound and effective coalition command relationships Operational planning to be carried out by a combined staff which includes equitable representation from each coalition nation Operational commanders must understand political objectives Cooperation and coordination are keys to unity of effort

24. Integration in Coalition Operations Interoperability Doctrine Human Interaction Training standards Key aspects Civil military operations Use of force Rules Of Engagement

25. Integration in Coalition Operations Interoperability Multi-lateral coordination and cooperation in training, seminars and exercises to enhance interoperability Method of minimizing problems is to allocate discrete geographical or functional areas of responsibility to national forces Combined exercises, language training for liaison officers are productive War termination or end state to be decided

26. Conclusion The supreme excellence is to subdue the armies of your enemies without even having to fight them Sun Tzu