General Assessments :

1. General Assessments : • Interview • Observation • Self-report • Projective Techniques Adv = tailored to the individual’s previous answers Disadv = low reliability focus on the # of time a particular behavior occurs – good reliability 10 primary scales measure personality dimensions used to diagnose psychological disorders individual provides an interpretation of ambiguous material (subjective)

2. Personality A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

3. Objectives: • Explain Sigmund Freud’s structural concepts of personality. • Describe Carl Jung and other Neo-Freudian’s theory of personality.

4. Psychoanalytic Perspective emphasized the power of the unconscious & believed the mind (psyche) functioned at 3 levels… Freud : founder of the theory • the unconscious • the preconscious • the conscious

5. Our Personality • Conscious- things we are aware of. • Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. • Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.

7. Freud's Early Exploration into the Unconscious • Used hypnosis and free association (relax and say it all) to delve into unconscious. • Mapped out the “mental dominoes” of the patients past in a process he called psychoanalysis.

8. Freud's Personality Structure • Ego • Superego • Id

9. Id • Unconscious energy that drives us to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. • Id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

10. Id • Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). • Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. • Works on the Pleasure Principle • Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification.

11. Superego • Part of personality that represents our internalized ideals. • Standards of judgment or our morals.

12. Superego • Develops last at about the age of 5 • It is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) • The Ego often mediates between the superego and id.

13. Ego • The boss “executive” of the conscious. • Its job is to mediate the desires of the Id and Superego. • Called the “reality principle”.

14. Ego If you want to be with someone. Your id says just take them, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. • Develops after the Id • Works on the Reality Principle • Negotiates between the Id and the environment. • In our conscious and unconscious minds. • It is what everyone sees as our personality.

15. Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development • Freud believed that your personality developed in your childhood. • Mostly from unresolved problems in the early childhood. • Believed that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages. • The id focuses it’s libido (sexual energy) on a different erogenous zone. • Fathered by Sigmund Freud. • Idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body. • Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development • Oral • Anal • Phallic • Latent • Genital

16. Oral Stage • 0-18 months • Pleasure center is on the mouth. • Sucking, biting and chewing.

17. Anal Stage • 18-36 months • Pleasure focuses on bladder and bowel control. • Controlling ones life and independence. • Anal retentive

18. Phallic Stage • 3-6 years • Pleasure zone is the genitals. • Coping with incestuous feelings. • Oedipus and Electra complexes.

19. Latency Stage • 6- puberty • Dormant sexual feeling. • Cooties stage.

20. Genital Stage • Puberty to death. • Maturation of sexual interests. • Lifelong partner…

21. Fixation • A lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage. • Where conflicts were unresolved. Orally fixated people may need to chain smoke or chew gum. Or denying the dependence by acting tough or being very sarcastic. Anally fixated people can either be anal expulsive or anal retentive.

22. Defense Mechanisms • The ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by distorting reality. • Never aware they are occurring. • Seven major types.

23. Repression • The Mac Daddy defense mechanism. • Push or banish anxiety driven thought deep into unconscious. • Why we do not remember lusting after our parents. • “Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.”

24. Regression • When faced with anxiety the person retreats to a more infantile stage. • Thumb sucking on the first day of school. “A reversion to immature patterns of behavior.”

25. Reaction Formation • Ego switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. • Being mean to someone you have a crush on. • it entails behaving completely contrary to how one truly feels

26. Projection • Disguise your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. • Thinking that your spouse wants to cheat on you when it is you that really want to cheat. • “Attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.”

27. Rationalization • Offers self-adjusting explanations in place of real, more threatening reasons for your actions. • You don’t get into a college and say, “I really did not want to go there it was too far away!!” • Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.”

28. Displacement • Shifts the unacceptable impulses towards a safer outlet. • “Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target.”

29. Sublimation • Re-channel their unacceptable impulses towards more acceptable or socially approved activities. • Channel feeling of homosexuality into aggressive sports play. • “The transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful” A surgeon turns aggressive energies and deep desires to cut people into life-saving acts.

30. IDENTIFYING DEFENSE MECHANISMS • Label each statement with the correct defense mechanism from the list: • A. Repression E. Displacement • B. Denial F. Sublimation • C. Reaction Formation G. Projection • D. Rationalization • ____1. Sarah is heavily involved with an anti-pornography campaign & fights her own erotic interest in it. She hopes her campaign will convince others of her purity. • ____2. A young woman who was assaulted & raped a number of years ago in a terrifying attack has forgotten the incident. • ____3. Your boss yelled at you, you yelled at your co-worker, your co-worker yelled at his wife , his wife spanked the kid & the kid kicked the dog. • ____4.”Stop asking me ! I don’t want any ice cream. I think YOU want more ice cream!” • ____5. Eduardo reads an article about skin cancer. He goes home & examines the marks on his leg. He then comments to his friend on the tendency for his family to have very dark moles with irregular borders. • ___6. Joshua had a bad semester & was put on academic probation. Instead of returning to college, he quite to “pursue something worthwhile.” • ___7. Mia is usually an angry, hostile person. But since she’s been playing on the volleyball team her mood has improved. • ___8. You got fired & couldn’t make your car insurance payments, so you’re riding your bike. You tell friends, “I really prefer to ride my bike. I need the exercise.” • ___9. A young woman who finds herself attracted to other women proclaims that she hates lesbians & joins a vicious anti-gay group. • ___10. The parents of Jim say that “everyone goes through a drinking stage; it’s not a problem” even though Jim just received his third DUI. • ___11. Soldiers exposed to traumatic experiences in concentration camps sometimes had amnesia & were unable to recall any of their ordeal. • ___12. A priest converts his sexual energy into running a busy soup kitchen to feed the poor. • ___13. A woman with a strong sexual drive constantly criticizes her female co-workers for dressing seductively & flirting. C A E G B D E D C B A F G

31. How do we assess the unconscious? We can use hypnosis or free association. But more often we use projective tests.

32. Projective Tests • A personality test. • Provides an ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics. Examples Are:

33. TAT Thematic Apperception Test • A projective test which people express their inner feelings through stories they make about ambiguous scenes

34. TAT

35. Rorschach Inkblot Test • The most widely used projective test • A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots.

36. Rorschach Inkblot Test

37. Rorschach Inkblot Test

38. Rorschach Inkblot Test

39. Rorschach Inkblot Test

40. Neo-Freudians • Psychologists that took some premises from Freud and built upon them. Carl Jung Karen Horney Alfred Adler

41. Alfred Adler • Childhood is important to personality. • But focus should be on social factors- not sexual ones. • Our behavior is driven by our efforts to conquer inferiority and feel superior. • Inferiority Complex

42. Karen Horney • Childhood anxiety is caused by a dependent child’s feelings of helplessness. • This triggers our desire for love and security. • Fought against Freud’s “penis envy” concept. • “power envy”

43. Carl Jung • Less emphasis on social factors. • Focused on the unconscious. • We all have a collective unconscious: a shared/inherited well of memory traces from our species history.

44. JUNG Dimensions of Personality comfortable alone few, long-time friends energy from private activities comfortable socializing lots of friends fired-up by contact w/people Extravert Introvert physical / material world (85%) reality – factual down-to-earth abstract daydreamer vivid & complex imaginations Intuition Sensation use their head hard data & reasoning straightforward stick to their guns emotional concern for others decisions are influenced don’t want to hurt anyone Thinking Feeling follow routines commit to schedules make minds up quickly establish deadlines & make lists spontaneous clutter is OK look for opportunities Judgement Perception

45. Neo-Freudian Theories followers who later revised Freud’s theory generally agreed with Freud but broke away because they each emphasized different issues, such as the formation of the 1st five years & the role of social & cultural issues Adler Jung Horney “inferiority complex” & the compensating “will-to-power” “collective unconscious” &”archetypes” “basic anxiety” & “power envy”

46. Erik Erikson • Eight stages of personality development • Trust vs. mistrust • Autonomy vs. shame and doubt • Initiative vs. guilt • Industry vs. inferiority • Identity vs. role confusion • Intimacy vs. isolation • Generativity vs. stagnation • Ego integrity vs. despair