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European Chemical and Packaging Requirements for Electrical & Electronic Equipment

European Chemical and Packaging Requirements for Electrical & Electronic Equipment. 欧洲对电子和电器设备化学和包装的要求. European Chemical & Packaging Requirements. Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC. 废弃电子电气设备指令 2002/96/ EEC

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European Chemical and Packaging Requirements for Electrical & Electronic Equipment

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  1. European Chemical and Packaging Requirements for Electrical & Electronic Equipment 欧洲对电子和电器设备化学和包装的要求

  2. European Chemical & Packaging Requirements • Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC.废弃电子电气设备指令 2002/96/EEC • Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) Directive 2002/95/EC.电子电气设备中禁用特定有害物质指令 2002/95/EEC • Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 94/62/EC. 包装及包装废弃物指令 94/62/EC • Cadmium Directive 91/338/EEC. 镉含量指令 91/338/EEC

  3. WEEE DirectiveOverview 概述 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC.废弃电子电气设备指令 2002/96/EC • Published in the Official Journal 13 February 2003 (OJ L37, 13.2.2003, p.24). 于2003年月13日发布 • End of life management of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). 对于电子电器设备中止使用的管理 • Transposed into national law by 13 August 2004. 2004年8月13月转为正式的国家法律 • Comes into effect 13 August 2005. 2005年8月13日起正式实施

  4. WEEE DirectiveScope – General 范围- 一般 Covers discarded EEE: • Designed to operate at a maximum voltage of 1,000 V a.c. or 1,500 V d.c; and 最大工作电压不超过 1000 V a.c 或 1500 V d.c，通过电流、电磁场、发电机、变压器工作的设备或测量这种电流的设备；和 • Falling within 10 categories of WEEE (Annexes IA & IB); 适用于10类产品 • Includes all components, sub-assemblies and consumables forming part of the EEE when discarded. 包括产品的所有元件、配件及消耗材料 Excludes EEE that is 不包括： • Part of equipment not covered by the WEEE Directive; 不在WEEE指令覆盖范围的设备 • Specifically intended for military use. 军事用途

  5. Large household appliances 大型家用电器 2. Small household appliances;小型家用电器 3. IT & telecommunications equipment; IT及通讯设备 4. Consumer equipment; 消费性设备 5. Lighting equipment; Except filament light bulbs & household luminaires. 照明设备（ 白炙灯泡和家用照明光源除外） Electrical & electronic tools; Except large stationary industrial tools. 电子电气工具（大型固定工业用途工具除外） Toys, leisure & sports equipment;玩具、休闲及运动设备 Medical devices; Except implanted & infected products. 医疗器材 （植入部件或污染处除外） Monitoring & control instruments;监控设施 Automatic dispensers.自动售货机 WEEE DirectiveScope – Categories 范围-分类

  6. WEEE DirectiveDefinitions – Producer 定义-生产者 • Any person who, regardless of the selling technique used:无论采用何种销售手段，有以下行为者视为废旧设备的生产者 • Manufactures and sells electrical or electronic equipment under his own brand; Or生产或销售自有品牌的电子或电气设备者; 或 • Resells such equipment produced by other suppliers; Or转售其他供应商生产的设备者； 或 • Imports these products on a professional basis into a Member State.进口这些电子电气设备者到欧盟成员国内进口商，如远程销售或网上购物

  7. WEEE DirectiveDefinitions – Distributor 定义 - 分销商 Any person commercially providing EEE to the end user. E.g. a retailer. 将电子电气设备卖给消费者的销售商（如：零售商）

  8. WEEE DirectiveDefinitions - Household WEEE 定义 - 家用WEEE • WEEE discarded from private households; AND家用电子电气产品废弃物； 和 • WEEE discarded by commercial, industrial, institutional or other sources which by its nature (type) and quantity are similar to WEEE from private households.由商业、工业、社会机构或其他来源的、品质类似于家用WEEE的废弃电子电气设备

  9. WEEE DirectiveRequirements – Outline 要求 - 概要 • Product design. 产品设计 • Separate collection. 分类回收 • Treatment. 处理 • Recovery. 回收再用 • Financing. 费用支付 • Marking & information.有标识及相关信息

  10. WEEE DirectiveProduct Design 产品设计 Product designs shall 产品的设计应当: • Allow selective removal of certain materials/components. 允许有选择性地淘汰处理某些原料和部件。 • Permit repair and end-of-life dismantling for the recovery (reuse & recycling) of materials/components. 准许修复或淘汰产品分解出的原料和部件的回收利用（再利用和循环在利用） • Not include design features which hinder reuse, unless required for overriding reasons such as safety or environmental protection. 产品不得有妨碍再利用的设计，除非是出于安全及环保因素考虑 Further implications 深层的含义: • Reduce the weight of material used 降低产品原料的重量。 • Minimise the number of different materials 将不同原料的数量降到最自小 • Use materials compatible for recycling 用能与其他产品兼容的原料以便再利用.

  11. WEEE DirectiveSeparate Collection - All WEEE 分类回收-所有WEEE • Producers, or their third parties, are responsible for the separate collection of their own WEEE. 生产者，或他们的第三方代理，有责任负责分类回收他们自己的WEEE. • Separately collected WEEE shall be transported so as to optimise the reuse or recycling of whole appliances or components. 分类回收的WEEE应当确保可以使整个产品和部件被最佳 化的再利用和循环再利用

  12. WEEE DirectiveSeparate Collection - Household WEEE 分类回收-家用WEEE • Separate collection shall be free of charge for consumers. 分类回收对消费者是免费的。 • Distributors (e.g. retailers) supplying new EEE shall take back old products on a like-for-like basis. 分销商（如零售商）在销售新产品的同时应当回收旧产品。 • Other take-back systems may be allowed if free and as convenient as using the distributor. 可以允许制定其他免费和便利的回收系统 • Target of 4 kg of separately collected WEEE per inhabitant per year by 31 December 2006. 在2006年12月1日，要达到每人（欧盟常驻居民）每年4公斤的分类回收目标。 • Member States may provide alternative take-back arrangements where WEEE: 欧盟成员国可以提供其他的回收安排，当： • Does not contain essential components; or 不包含重要的部件；或 • Contains other waste. 包含其他费料 • Specific arrangements shall be made for WEEE that has been contaminated during use. 在使用过程中受到污染的WEEE应当实施特殊的处理安排

  13. All liquids;所有液体 Capacitors containing PCB’s & PCT’s;含有PCB’s & PCT’s的电容 Mercury-containing components; 含汞零件 Batteries; 电池 Printed circuit boards from mobile phones; 手机的电路板 Printed circuit boards from other devices with a surface area 印刷电路板面积大于10 平方厘米的其他仪器 Toner cartridges etc; 碳粉盒等 Plastics containing brominated flame retardants;含溴化阻燃剂的塑料 Cathode ray tubes; 阴极射线管 External electric cables; 外置电线 Refractory ceramic fibre-containing components; 耐火陶瓷纤维元件 Radioactive substances; 放射性物质 CFC’s, HCFC’s, HFC’s & HC’s; 臭氧层消耗物质 Liquid crystal displays (LCD’s) with a surface area > 100 cm²; 表面积大于100 平方厘米的液晶显示器 LCD’s back-lit by gas discharge lamps; 液晶背光-气体放电灯； Gas discharge lamps; 气体放电灯 Asbestos waste. 石棉废料 WEEE DirectiveTreatment - Selective Removal 处理-淘汰

  14. WEEE DirectiveTreatment – Process 处理-步骤 • Only permitted at licensed or registered sites. 处理机构应该有执照或在主管当局登记的单位 • Storage sites must prevent environmental contamination. 储存场所必须防止环境污染 • Treatment sites shall 处理地点应当: • Use the best available techniques. 应用最好的可用技术 • Prevent environmental contamination. 避免环境的污染 • Include appropriate storage facilities. 有适当的贮存场所 • Treat water before discharge. 污水处理后方可排放 • Have balances to monitor incoming WEEE and outgoing recovered materials & waste. 监控WEEE进料及回收材料和废物输出的平衡 • Minimum quality standards for treatment may be set up. 处理的最低质量标准应当建立。

  15. WEEE DirectiveRecovery & Recycling Targets 1 回收再用和再循环的目标 1 • Minimum rates of recovery, including reuse and recycling targets for components, materials and substances. 对部件、材料和物质建立最低的回收利用和循环再利用的目标。 E.g. IT & telecommunications equipment: 例如，对于IT和通讯产品： • Overall recovery target: 75% 整机回收目标： • Reuse & recycling of components etc: 65% 部件回收再用和循环再利用的目标 • Other methods (e.g. energy recovery): 10% 其他（如能源或能量回收） • Producers or their third parties shall record the mass of their WEEE, components, materials or substances when: • 生产者或受委托回收的第三方应记录回收的WEEE的重量、元件和材料或物质，当 • Entering & leaving the treatment facility; and/or 要进入或退出处理系统时，和/或 • Entering the recovery or recycling facility. • 回收再用和再循环处理系统时 • To be counted, WEEE exported from the EU shall be recovered, reused or recycled under equivalent conditions. 为了统计，从欧盟出口的WEEE在同等条件下应当被回收，再利用或循环使用。 • Reuse of whole EEE is excluded from these targets until 31 December 2008. 废弃电子电器产品整机的再利用不包括在这些目标内直到2008年12月31日。

  16. WEEE DirectiveRecovery & Recycling Targets 2回收再用和再循环的目标 1

  17. WEEE DirectiveFinancing 费用 Producers 生产者: • Pay for the collection (from a central point), treatment, recovery, recycling and environmentally sound disposal of their new WEEE (after 13 August 2005). 应支付自己生产出的新WEEE的回收（从中心点）、处理、再循环和合乎环保要求的处理的费用（2005年8月13日以后） • Guarantee finance for the management of their own WEEE. 为他们自己WEEE的管理费用提供经济担保. • Pay, by market share per type of EEE, for the treatment of “historical” WEEE (placed on the market before 13 August 2005) through a collective scheme. 根据每种型号的电子电器产品的市场份额,通过一个回收计划支付历史性WEEE的处理费用(2005年8月13日以前的投放市场的产品). • Can show consumers a “visible fee” for the costs of historical WEEE until 13 February 2011 (13 February 2013 for large household appliances). 到2011年2月13日(对于大型家用电器是2013年2月13日),对于历史性WEEE费用,可以显示给消费者一个“明显的费用”. • May arrange for non-household users (e.g. B2B) to pay some or all of the WEEE management costs. 可以为非家用电器的使用者(如 B2B)安排支付一些或全部的WEEE管理费用.

  18. WEEE DirectiveMarking - All WEEE 1 标记- 所有WEEE 1 EEE placed on the market after 13 August 2005 shall bear: 2005年8月13日以后投放市场的电子电器应注明: • Name or trademark of the producer. 产品的名称或商标 • New marking indicating that it was placed on the market after this date. 新的标记标明: 它是在这一日起以后投放市场的产品. A standard is being developed by CEN/CENELEC to define the format. CEN/CENELEC正在为定义这一格式建立相应的标准. • Crossed wheelie bin symbol. 大叉有轮垃圾箱标志

  19. WEEE DirectiveMarking - All WEEE 2 - Crossed Wheelie Bin Symbol标记- 所有WEEE 2 - 大叉有轮垃圾箱标志 In exceptional cases, where the product’s size and function prevent this, the symbol shall be placed on:如果产品的大小和功能不适于加贴上述标志时，可印在 Packaging; AND包装 Instructions for use; AND说明书 Warranty.保证卡

  20. WEEE DirectiveInformation Supplied - All WEEE 信息提供- 所有WEEE Within one year after the product is placed on the market, producers shall provide information to re-use centres, treatment and recycling facilities regarding:产品投放市场一年内，生产者应向再用中心、处理和再循环机构提供下列内容： • Different components and materials used; 产品所用的元件和原料 • Locations of any dangerous substances & preparations.有毒物质的存在位置及制备方式 This information shall be in the form of: • Manuals; OR • Electronic media (e.g. CD-ROM or online).信息可以由手册、或电子媒体形式（如 CD- ROM或网上)提供

  21. WEEE DirectiveInformation Supplied - Household WEEE信息提供- 家用WEEE Details to be supplied to consumers:提供如下资料给消费者 • Not to dispose of WEEE as unsorted municipal waste, but collect it separately; 不要将WEEE当做未分类垃圾随意丢弃，应进行分类回收 • Available return and collection systems;有效的回收系统 • The role of consumers in the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery;消费者应如何处理这些需要重复使用、再生及回收的事项 • The potential effects on the environment & human health of hazardous substances in the WEEE.WEEE中有害物质对环境和人身健康的潜在影响 • Meaning of the crossed wheelie bin symbol. 带大叉有轮垃圾桶标志的含义 • May be required in the instructions and/or at point of sale. 可以在说明书或/和销售地点获得

  22. WEEE DirectiveReporting By Member States 成员国的报告 • Register of their producers. 生产者的登记 • Annual, substantiated estimates of the quantities and categories of separately collected WEEE. 每年，实质性的对分类回收WEEE数量和种类的评估 • EEE sold by distance is counted in the Member State of the purchaser. 在成员国的购买者，通过远程销售的电子电器产品也被计算在内。

  23. WEEE DirectiveImplementation Timetable 执行时间表

  24. Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive包装和包装废物指令

  25. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Overview 概述 • Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 94/62/EC. 包装和包装废物指令 94/62/EC. • Published in the Official Journal 31 December 1994 (OJ L 365, 31.12.1994, p. 10). 该指令在1994年12月31日发布(OJ L 365, 31.12.1994, p. 10). • Reducing the amount of packaging used. 减少包装物料的数量. • Increasing the re-use, recycling and recovery of packaging waste. 提高包装废物的再用、回收再用和再循环 • Minimising the remaining waste for disposal. 最低限度内减少废物的丢弃 • Improving the cradle-to-grave environmental performance of packaging.改善包装物从生产到废弃个过程，以符合环保功能。

  26. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Scope 范围 • All types and materials of primary, secondary tertiary packaging, components and packaging waste.所有一级、二级、三级包装材料、组件和包装废物E.g. boxes, bags, tapes, bindings etc.（如箱子、包、带子、绑扎带等） • From all sources of packaging waste, such as household, industrial, commercial and institutional.任何来源的包装废物，比如家用、工业用、商业用和公共机构使用的。

  27. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Definitions - Packaging Types 定义- 包装类型 • Primary or sales packaging:一级包装或销售包装 • Point of sale packaging to the final consumer.在销售点给最终消费者的包装 • Secondary or grouped packaging: 二级或整箱包装 • Consumer display unit, holds a group of products单位包装 • Will not affect the product’s characteristics if removed. 当包装去除后，不会影响到产品的特性 • Tertiary or transport packaging:三级包装或运输包装 • Protects a group of units in transit.保护运输中的整批产品 • Does not including ship, road, air or rail containers.不包括船运、公路、空运和铁路中使用的集装箱

  28. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Definitions – Producer 定义- 生产者 Not defined by the Packaging Waste Directive!! 没有在包装指令中定义 A “producer” of packaging is considered to be any person placing packaging on the market, such as the: 一个包装物料的“生产者”被认为是在市场上生产处置包装的任何人,包括: • Manufacturer of packaging materials; 包装物料的生产者 • Converter of packaging materials into packaging; 将包装材料装变为包装的人 • Packer or filler of products into packaging; 将产品放入包装的打包工人或填充者 • Seller or retailer of filled packaging; 使用包装的零售商或售货者 • Importer of packaging materials or filled packaging into the EU. 将包装材料或使用包装的产品进口到欧盟的进口商

  29. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Requirements 要求 “Producers” (placing the packaging on the market) shall: “生产者”(在市场上生产处置包装的人) 应: • Meet the heavy metal limits for the packaging. 满足包装的重金属限量要求 • Ensure that the packaging complies with the essential requirements. 确保包装遵守相关的重要规定 • Contribute to the packaging waste recovery targets in each Member State. 在欧盟每一个成员国中实现包装废物的回收目标. Between 50% and 65% recovery, of which 25% to 45% shall be recycled with a minimum 15% for each material. 成员国应设立其包装废物的回收率目标达50% -65%，在这一目标下，25%-45%的废物应可再循环的。每种材料的再循环率至少在于15%。 Usually achieved by joining a compliance scheme, such as Green Dot. 通常通过设立废物回收机制,如“绿点标志” 来实现. • Keep technical documentation, showing compliance with these requirements, readily available for inspection by the competent authorities. 拥有技术文件, 标明符合以上这些要求,以及愿意接受有能力的权威机构的检查.

  30. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Other Requirements 其他要求 The Directive also requires: 指令还要求: • A material identification system, using category numbers for each type of material (e.g. 1 to 19 for plastics) to accompany recyclable and reusable marks. 建立材料的识别系统，利用分类码来区分材料种类（比如用1-19代表塑胶），并配合可再循环和再用的标志。 • Waste recovery schemes to be set up. E.g. the Green Dot scheme. 设立废物回收机制（比如，绿点标志）

  31. Packaging Waste DirectiveHeavy Metal Limits • After 30 June 2001, all packaging and packaging components shall contain a maximum 100 ppm sum of the total concentrations of lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium (chromium (VI)) and mercury. That is, Pb + Cd + Cr(VI) + Hg = 100 ppm maximum. Like the US CONEG requirements 2001年6月30日起，所有包装和包装组件所含总铅、镉、六价铬和汞的总量不超过100ppm. (类似于美国CONEG的要求) • “Packaging components” are the smallest parts of packaging easily separated by hand. “包装部件”是包装的最小部分,可以用手方便的分离. • Compliance may shown by testing the packaging or based on calculations from heavy metal testing of the packaging materials. 通过检测 或基于从包装材料重金属检测计算出的结果显示出对指令的 符合性.

  32. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物的指令Essential Requirements – Outline 重要的要求- 概要 Packaging shall: 包装应: • Use the minimum volume and weight necessary to give the required level of safety, hygiene and acceptance for the product and consumer. 在确保产品安全、卫生和消费者可接受的条件下，最低限度地使用包装 • Be designed, produced and used to maximise its:在设计上，尽可能生产及使用 • Reuse; OR 可再用的， • Recovery including recycling. 可再用的再循环的 • Minimise the use of hazardous materials.尽量减少使用有害物质 In addition to the heavy metal limits. 除重金属限量以外

  33. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Essential Requirements – Reuse 重要要求- 在使用 If claimed, reusable packaging shall meet all of the following: 如果被再使用，可再用的包装应符合以下要求 • Have adequate robustness to withstand several cycles of normal predictable use; 材料稳固，可被多次使用 • Be capable of being cleaned or processed as necessary in a safe manner; 在安全方式下可以进行清洁和处理 • Comply with the “recoverable” packaging criteria when it can no longer be reused. 当不能再用时，还应符合可回收再用的包装的要求

  34. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Essential Requirements – Recovery 重要要求- 回收再用 All packaging shall ultimately be recoverable as follows: 所有的包装将最终达到以下可回收再用的要求 • Material recycling; ORA minimum percentage should be recyclable. 原料可再循环，或达到最低的再循环百分率 • Energy recovery; OR On incineration more heat is produced than put in. 能量转换，或灰化后能释放更多的热量 • Composting (buried in the ground); OR 可堆制成肥料（土埋），或 • Biodegradation. Can decompose to carbon dioxide, biomass and water.生物降解，可分解成二氧化碳，有机物和水

  35. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Standards Overview 1 标准一览 1 • European standards have been written with regard to the essential requirements of the Directive. 目前已有一些欧洲标准阐述基本的安全要求 • Only EN 13432 fully covers the relevant requirements and offers a presumption of conformity. 只有EN13432完全覆盖了相关的要求和提供了一个一致符合性的假设。 • The others are being revised (expected Spring 2004). 其他的标准正在被修订（预期2004年春季） • In the interim, these standards still offer the easiest route to compliance, though further testing may be required. 再零时过渡期间，这些标准仍提供了最简便的符合通道，当然进一步的检测是必要的。

  36. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令Standards Overview 2 标准一览 2 • EN 13427:2000 - Use of packaging waste standards.EN 13427:2000 - 包装废物标准的使用 • EN 13428:2000 – Material (source) reduction.EN 13428:2000 - 材料缩减 • EN 13429:2000 – Reusable packaging.EN 13429:2000 – 再使用包装 • EN 13430:2000 – Material recycling. EN 13430:2000 – 材料的循环使用 • EN 13431:2000 – Energy recovery.EN 13431:2000 – 能源的恢复行使用 • EN 13432:2000 – Composting & biodegradation.EN 13432:2000 – 堆制成肥和生物降解 EN 13432 offers full presumption of conformity. EN 13432提供了完全的符合性假设 EN 13428 only offers a partial presumption of conformity. Covering only the minimum volume/weight, but not the hazardous materials. EN 13428仅提供了一部分的符合性假设 仅覆盖了最小体积/重量，但没有有害物质的规定。

  37. Packaging Waste Directive包装废物指令EN 13428 - Material Reduction EN13428- 减少材料 The “producer” shall: 生产者应当： • Minimise the content of any environmentally harmful substances. 减少所有环境有害物质的含量。 • Evaluate and document the key aspects of the packaging against 10 performance criteria. 根据十项包装功能评估和记录包装的主要功能。 • Identify the “critical area” which limits the further reduction of the packaging mass and/or volume. 确定“临界面积”，以进一步减少包装的重量和/或容量 • Reduce the mass and/or volume of the packaging of the critical area (and other areas as far as practical). 减少包装重量和/或容量，并切实可行 • Prepare a statement of conformity. E.g. a checklist. 准备符合性声明（如检查表） • Retain it and test reports etc for inspection. 保留声明和测试报告备查

  38. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13428 - Performance Criteria EN13428- 执行标准 5. Product presentation & marketing;产品介绍和销售 6. User/consumer acceptance;使用者/消费者接受 7. Information; 信息 8. Safety; 安全 9. Legislation; 法例 10. Other issues.其他 • Product protection; 保护产品 • Packaging manufacturing process; 包装生产程序 • Packing/filling process;包装/填充程序 • Logistics (e.g. transport, warehousing & handling);Evaluated using ISTA packaging performance tests.物流（比如 运输、仓储、处理）用ISTA包装测试评估

  39. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13429 - Reusable Packaging 1 EN 13429- 包装再利用 1 “Reusable” packaging must be 可再用包装必须: • Deliberately intended for reuse. 重新使用 • Emptied with no or only repairable damage. 完好无损，或有轻微损伤，但可以修复 • Cleanable/repairable and remain fit for purpose. 经清洁或修理后符合要求 • Reconditioned in a safe way. 可安全地修理 • Refilled without harming the product, humans or the environment. 重新装填时不会对产品本身、人类或环境造成伤害 • Compatible with reuse systems available in the relevant Member State. These systems shall be closed, open or hybrid. 再使用系统必须在相关成员国内是可行的 这些系统应可为单一封闭式、开放或混合使用. • Recoverable when it can no longer be reused. 可以从新获得,当不能被再利用时,

  40. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13429 - Reusable Packaging 2 EN13429- 包装的再利用 2 The “producer” shall: 生产者应: • Prepare a statement of conformity with these criteria. 根据标准准备符合性声明 • Ensure that when the packaging can no longer be reused it may be recovered by: 如果包装不能再重复使用时，就该要符合以下要求 • Recycling; OR 可再生 • Energy recovery; OR 能量转换 • Composting/biodegradation. 堆肥/生物降解 • Retain the statement of conformity and supporting documents for inspection.保留符合性声明并提供支持文件以备检查

  41. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13430 - Material Recycling EN13430- 材料的再循环 Packaging shall to be designed to: 设计包装时应考虑: • Use a single material or different materials that can be recycled together (e.g. PC & ABS). 使用一种材料或可以一起被再循环的不同材料 • Minimise the number of different materials used. 尽可能避免使用过多种类的材料 • Readily separate materials not recycled together. 容易地分类的材料不要一起在循环 • Reduce heavy metals and other harmful contaminants. 减少重金属和其他有害污染 • Locate and shape openings in sales packaging to allow easy emptying and cleaning. 销售包装的开口及形状应容易倒空和清洁 • Be compatible with available recycling systems. 适合一般再循环处理

  42. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13431 - Energy Recovery 1 EN 13431- 能量回收 1 • When incinerated, more heat shall be produced than was required to burn the packaging. 灰化后，释放的能量比提供燃的能量多Net calorific gain. （总热能增加） • Compliance route depends upon the composition of the packaging. 符合性程序视包装的成份而定

  43. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13431 - Energy Recovery 2 EN 13431- 能量回收 2 Packaging Containing more than 50% Organic Material E.g. cardboard, paper, plastics, wood etc. 如果包装含有超过50%的有机物，比如 纸板、纸、塑胶、木头 • Deemed to comply with the energy recovery requirements.这些有机物可认为达到能量回收的要求 • Aluminium foil up to 50 µm is also considered to meet these requirements.厚度50微米以下的铝箔都可认为是符合要求的

  44. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13431 - Energy Recovery 3 EN 13431- 能量回收 3 Packaging Containing more than 50% Inorganic Material E.g. metals, ceramics, glass, clay etc. 包装含有超过50%的无机物时， 比如，金属，陶瓷，玻璃，粘土 • Many of these materials are not combustible, so the net calorific gain for the packaging has to be determined by:这些材料不易燃烧，可用以下的计算方式计算能量 • Calculated for all the raw materials in the composition from standard handbooks; OR从标准手册中计算合成物中的原材料净热值 • Experimentally determined per prEN ISO 1716:1998, at constant volume in a bomb calorimeter. 根据prEN ISO 1716:1998,通过在爆炸量热器中的恒定容量来计算

  45. Packaging Waste Directive 包装废物指令EN 13432 - Composting & Biodegradation EN 13432 –肥料和生物降解 Packaging may only be deemed biodegradable by meeting ALL of the following: 被认为可以生物降解的包装物仅应该是能满足以下所有条件的产品： • Any non-biodegradable materials are readily separable;能容易与不能分解的物质分离 • Chemical characterisation (heavy metals & volatiles);化学特征 （重金属和易挥发物） • Biodegradability (if needed testing can take many months);生物降解（测试需要花数月） • Disintegration; 分解 • Compost quality; 可制成堆肥 • Recognizability by the end user. 可以被最终用户分辨的

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