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NEW ORLEANS JAZZ AND DIXIELAND 1910 - 1940

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NEW ORLEANS JAZZ AND DIXIELAND 1910 - 1940

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    1. NEW ORLEANS JAZZ AND DIXIELAND 1910 - 1940

    2. New Orleans Jazz 1890s in New Orleans The first black jazz bands were large marching bands called upon to play for funeral processions and Mardi Gras

    3. James Reese Europe One of the most influential American musicians of the early 20th century

    4. James Reese Europe 1881-1919 Violin student of Enrico Hurlei, Asst. Dir. U.S. Marine Band 1904 - directed music for several all-black shows 1910 - organized more than 100 black musicians into the Clef Club 1913, 1914 - recorded for RCA Victor

    5. James Reese Europe Called “The Paderewski of syncopation” Emergence of the “Fox Trot” Europe enlisted in the 15th New York Regiment (the 369th Infantry) in 1917 “The Hell Fighters” Recruited black musicians, trained them, wrote music for them, and went to Europe

    6. James Reese Europe A multiple function band Marching and drilling Evening concerts hymns dances The players introduced complex rhythms and idiosyncratic articulation

    7. James Reese Europe Paris, August, 1918 Theatre des Champs-Elysees Tuileries Gardens - 50,000 people Now called the 369th U.S. Infantry Jazz Band, they returned to America “The Band that Played the Hell Fighters on to Victory”

    8. 369th Hell Fighters Band “The Band that Set all France JAZZ MAD” Activities in U.S. Manhattan Opera House concert 24 discs for Pathe Tour of the Unites States

    9. May 9, 1919, Europe was stabbed to death by Herbert Wright, one of his drummers

    10. Castle House Rag Europe’s Society Orchestra, Febr. 10, 1914 Europe organized the Clef Club, a sort of union and fraternity Europe came to national attention with the release of 4 Victor records through Vernon and Irene Castle This composition is not a rag, but rather a “Trot and One-Step”

    11. Castle Walk Composed by Europe and Ford T. Dabney Febr. 10, 1914 Instrumentation includes: Banjos, mandolins, violins, clarinet, cornet, traps, and drums

    12. Memphis Blues March 7, 1919composed by W.C. Handy and W. George Norton Illustrates improvisation (or “hot”) playing by a large band

    13. The Storyville District A district created in 1898 by Alderman Sidney Story outside of which prostitution would be prohibited Music was constantly heard throughout the district At its peak, Storyville employed 2200 prostitutes 70 professional gamblers 30 piano players And had as many as 230 houses

    14. The Storyville District The “experiment” was very successful, but the district was closed by the federal government in 1917 and all the buildings were demolished The new Storyville district recaptures the architecture and atmosphere of the original

    15. Dixieland Dixieland Instrumentation included: Cornets or trumpets Clarinets “tailgate” trombones Tubas, banjos, and drums Smaller groups formed to play in bars in Storyville

    16. Collective Improvisation Dixieland came from these bands but the rhythm section might include a string bass and piano instead of tuba Collective improvisation is the essence of Dixieland The three lead instruments (the horns) improvise contrapuntal melodies over the steady beat of the rhythm section

    17. Dixieland Followed certain patterns and formulas The beat is in flat-four (4/4 time) Early masters include: Buddy Bolden, Bunk Johnson, Freddie Keppard The term “Dixieland” came into use in the 1920s

    18. Original Dixieland Jass Band Band members: Nick LaRocca, trumpet Larry Shields, clarinet Eddie Edwards, trombone Tony Sbarbaro, drums Henry Ragas, piano

    19. Dominic “Nick” LaRocca 1889-1961 Claimed to have invented jazz Formed the ODJB in New Orleans in 1914 They called themselves America’s First Jazz Band The band came to Chicago under the name Stein’s Dixie Jass Band Name changed to the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917 LaRocca retired from music after 1938 and became a building contractor in New Orleans

    20. Firsts FIRST ever jazz record made by this band for Columbia and Victor Records in 1917! RESPONSIBLE for securing the name "jazz" (music style name) as we know it today!  (In 1917 the ODJB was responsible for securing the musical term JAZZ as a musical definition term.  Prior to the ODJB recording the music of the time was known as Ragtime and many other style names but not jazz.  There were three or four other groups that used the name jass within their band name dating back to 1914, but the term was used more in general language slang and was not used to describe a musical style until the ODJB secured it with their recording in 1917.) FIRST jazz band to sell over 1.5 million Victrola records worldwide within the year of its release! (This event introduced millions of people worldwide to JAZZ for the very first time.) FIRST jazz band to travel to Europe in 1919! FIRST jazz band to appear in a motion picture! ("The Good For Nothing", 1917 Peerless Productions, Distributed by World Pictures, Directed by Carlyle Blackwell and Produced by William Brady.) FIRST jazz band ever to perform for US servicemen during WWI!

    21. Dixieland The Original Dixieland Jass Band Billed themselves as the originators of Jazz The recording “Livery Stable Blues”, coupled with “Dixie Jass Band One Step” was the first Jazz record ever released (February 26, 1917) for the Victor Talking Machine Company

    22. Buddy Bolden Often called the “first jazz musician” Born in 1877 Formed a band in 1895 Placed in an institution in 1907 Died in 1931 No recordings

    23. King Oliver, who joined Keppard in Chicago, made the first major impact in the North

    24. Joe “King” Oliver 1885 - 1938 Born in New Orleans 1899 joined a boy’s brass band (cornet) 1901 blinded in one eye 1907 lead cornetist Melrose Brass Band Magnolia Band Eagle Band

    25. “King” Oliver Mentor and teacher to Louis Armstrong 1917, when Storyville closed down, Oliver joined Bill Johnson in Chicago 1921 he went to California and played with Kid Ory (San Francisco) Jelly Roll Morton (LA) His own band (Oakland)

    26. The Creole Jazz Band 1922 returned to Chicago Sent for Louis Armstrong to fill out in his most famous band The combination of Oliver and Armstrong The band became the envy of the jazz world First successful recordings by a black jazz band

    27. The World’s Greatest Jazz Cornetist” Oliver billed himself His new band, the Dixie Syncopators recorded a series of “Race” records for Vocalion “Deadman Blues”, “West End Blues” Oliver turned down a contract at The Cotton Club (Duke Ellington accepted) Oliver cut his last record for Victor in 1931

    28. “King” Oliver Toured the South Victimized Bus breakdowns and accidents Caught in a blizzard in West VA Oliver suffered from Musical disappointments pyorrhea High blood pressure

    29. “King” Oliver Could not afford medical treatment Ran a fruit stand Became a janitor for a pool hall Died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 8, 1938 Swing was now king

    30. Sidney Bechet 1897-1959 Choice of unusual instrument: the soprano saxophone Timbre Vibrato Born in New Orleans in 1897 Musical family Opera instruments

    31. Sidney Bechet Age 6 - clarinet lessons Teenager - played with Bunk Johnson Louis Armstrong King Oliver Freddie Keppard Could not read music

    32. Sidney Bechet Greatest New Orleans reed man Became a star in France Europe in 1919 Joined Ellington in 1932, tutored Johnny Hodges Southern Taylor Shop in Harlem Opened a music school in Brooklyn after the war 1951 France Married the third time Life mag.

    33. “Blue Horizon” - 1944 SCCJ 1-11 The band: Clarinet - Sidney Bechet Trumpet - Sidney De Paris Trombone - Vic Dickenson Piano - Art Hodes Bass - George “Pops” Foster Drums - Manzie Johnson Recorded by the Bluenote Jazzmen, 12/44

    34. “Blue Horizon” .00 Slow blues tempo; the snare drum is played with the brushes; the clarinet plays in the low register with a wide vibrato; the piano can be heard in the background. .42 2nd chorus; the trombone responds to the clarinet. 1.25 3rd chorus: A new melodic idea using large intervals is introduced; other horns provide a slow Dixie-like texture. 2.08 4th chorus: The piano plays a tremolo; the clarinet moves to a higher register. 2.53 5th chorus: Blue notes are emphasized in the solo. 3.35 6th chorus: The clarinet plays in the extreme high register; a heavy, driving beat is supplied by the drums and the pipano; the trombone continues responding; this is the most climatic chorus. 4.13 Ending. 4.20 End.

    35. Edward “Kid” Ory 1886-1973 Creole Homemade instruments Picnics Employed the greats in his band King Oliver, Sidney Bechet, Louis Armstrong LA after WWI Chicago in 1924 LA in 1929

    36. “Kid” Ory on Trombone 1945 “Time” “The Kid Comes Back” Movies “Struttin’ with Some Barbeque” The Band: Cornet - Louis Armstrong Trombone - Kid Ory Clarinet - Johnny Dodds Piano - Lil Armstrong Banjo - Johnny St. Cyr

    37. “Struttin’ with Some Barbeque” SCCJ 1-15 .00 Introduction, the verse of the song; cornet takes the lead, all others accompany with collective improvisation. .14 Beginning of the main melody, the chorus, or principal strain. .34 2nd chorus. .52 Banjo fill. .54 Clarinet solo, low register, melody is structured around main chordal notes; banjo plays a flat-four pattern. 1.11 Solo break. 1.13 Trombone solo; flat-four banjo with accents on 2nd and 4th beats of each measure; the piano plays only on the accented beats. 1.30 Solo break for the trombone. 1.33 Cornet solo with chords on only the 2nd and 4th beat5s of each measure (stop time), a different feeling to solo over. 1.50 Double-time fill (solo break). 2.03 Cornet plays a ragtime melody pattern. 2.10 Syncopated tutti rhythm. 2.15 Collective improvisation over a flat-four banjo part. 2.33 Banjo fill. 2.45 Syncopated tutti rhythm returns and becomes softer until the ending. 2.59 End.

    38. Additional Listening Jelly Roll Morton’s Red Hot Peppers “Granhpa’s Spells” SCCJ 1-8 “Dead Man Blues” SCCJ 1-7 “Black Bottom Stomp” SCCJ 1-6 Louis Armstrong and His Orchestra “I Gotta Right to Sing the Blues” SCCJ 1-20 Bix Beiderbecke (Frankie Trumbauer and His Orchestra) “Riverboat Shuffle” SCCJ 1-22 “Singin’ the Blues” SCCJ 1-21

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