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Spontaneous Change

Spontaneous Change. For a system in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings,. ____________. Clausius inequality. At constant ____________ :. no work. isolated system. At constant pressure:. PV work only. For convenience, define:. Then the conditions for ____________ change become:.

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Spontaneous Change

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  1. Spontaneous Change For a system in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings, ____________ Clausius inequality At constant ____________: no work isolated system At constant pressure: PV work only For convenience, define: Then the conditions for ____________change become: Modified by Jed Macosko

  2. Helmholtz Energy F (or A) Helmholtz energy; Helmholtz free energy; Helmholtz function; Maximum work function (F for Function orAfor Arbeit) For spontaneous change at constant ____________ Note that it is the total function A that tends to a minimum; this is _______ the same as minimizing U and maximizing S. Maximum Work Combine and  equality for reversible change Work done by the system A system does maximum work when it is operating _______. But Therefore, for macroscopic changes constant T (-w) can be ____or less than DU according to the sign of DS. For DS> 0, heat flows into the system to fuel the extra work. Modified by Jed Macosko

  3. for reactions can be calculated from tabulated data If DH is and DS is then DG the reaction proceeds -ve +ve ______ at all temperatures +ve -ve ______ at no temperatures -ve -ve … ifT<DH / DS +ve +e … ifT>DH / DS constant T, P Gibbs Energy G • Gibbs free energy, Gibbs function • Very important in chemistry since it tells whether a particular reaction can ____________at a given T and P. • Forspontaneouschange, Maximum Work: Modified by Jed Macosko

  4. _________ ____________ _______ Basic Thermodynamic Relations 1 __________ ____________ ________ Modified by Jed Macosko

  5. Basic Thermodynamic Relations 2 ____________________ Thermodynamic___________of _______ Substituting ____ Modified by Jed Macosko

  6. How Free Energy Depends on P ___________ So: For a perfect gas where G° is the __________________defined atP°=1 bar At equilibrium and constant P and T: The equilibrium constant, Keq, is “________ ____________”: So: Modified by Jed Macosko

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