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Al- Andalus

Al- Andalus. HIST 1007 11/8/13. Muhammad b. ` Abdallah b. Tumart (ca. 1080-1130). Berber religious scholar who studied in Baghdad and Damascus Mixture of strict Sunni law with Sufi charisma 1117: Returns to Morocco as a fiery, puritan preacher Heir to the Prophet

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Al- Andalus

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  1. Al-Andalus HIST 1007 11/8/13

  2. Muhammad b. `Abdallah b. Tumart (ca. 1080-1130) • Berber religious scholar who studied in Baghdad and Damascus • Mixture of strict Sunni law with Sufi charisma • 1117: Returns to Morocco as a fiery, puritan preacher • Heir to the Prophet • Return to the time of the Prophet • Mahdi, imam, and ma`sun (sinless) • Berber military strength with religious charisma IbnTumart Mosque

  3. Almohad Caliphate (r. 1121-1269) • IbnTumart reorganizes southern Morocco • 10 disciples • 50 tribal delegates • Religious hierarchy over tribal society • Caliph of IbnTumart • 1140’s: Conquest of Morocco • 1149-1172: Conquest of Spain

  4. Marrakech, Rabat, and Seville

  5. Almohads and Islam • Strict form of Islam difficult to maintain • Mizwar – keeper of morals • Muezzins – caller to prayer • Shaykhs – religious scholar hired to train members of royal family • Madrassas • Can’t break growing interest in Maraboutism and older tradition of Maliki Sunnism

  6. What happens next? • Establish general form of Moroccan state • Series of dynasties which struggle over defined state • Bilad al-makhzan vs. bilad al-siba • Influx of refugees from Spain influence North African identity • Increases Arab identity over Berber identity

  7. Spain before Islam • 415 – Visigoths begin conquest of Spain • Maintained certain Roman institutions • Arian nobility vs. Catholic people • 6th century – nobility converts to Catholicism • Roman villa system and slave armies • Urban decline

  8. Muslim Conquest of Spain • Tariq b. Ziyad (d. 720) • 711: Raid(?) across the Straight of Gibraltar • Largely a Berber force • Did Spanish think it was a trading mission? • Battle of Guadalete: Visigothic King Roderic defeated • Most of Visigothic nobility killed • Opens Spain to Muslims

  9. The Battle of Poitiers • By 720, Muslim armies heading north of Pyrenees Mountains • 732: Battle of Poitiers (Tours) • Tours: about 150 miles southwest of Paris • Charles Martel (688-741): general of Merovingian France, grandfather of Charlemagne • Muslims sent south of Pyrenees

  10. Organization of al-Andalus • Land parceled out to Arab and Berber tribes • Farm land vs. mountainous land • Syrian Arabs sent to put down revolts, given land too • Appropriation of Spanish manors • Irrigation and new crops bring economic prosperity • Sahib al-saqiya: irrigation manager • Mediterranean trade

  11. The Umayyads of Spain (r. 756-1031) • `Abd al-Rahman I (r. 756-788): grandson of Umayyad Caliph Hisham • Syrian troops in Spain help establish Umayyad family in Cordoba • Bring imperial traditions from the east • Mercenary soldiers from Europe

  12. The Umayyads of Spain • `Abd al-Rahman II (r. 822-852): centralized administration and state monopolies over markets • `Abd al-Rahman III (r. 912-961): declares himself caliph • Saqaliba: slave soldiers from Spain, Germany, and Eastern Europe • Centralized taxation • Consumption of `Abbasid and Fatimid court culture

  13. Hispano-Arabic Culture • Arabs, Berbers, converts, Jews, and Christians • Arabic language and Islam • Romance language and Christianity • Intermarriage • Blurring of lines • Mozarab – Arabized Christians • La Convivencia – the Coexistence

  14. Jews of al-Andalus • Jewish notables • Assisted in Arab conquests • Served in administration • Intermediary between Muslim and Christian rulers • Spokesmen for European Jews

  15. Martyrs of Cordoba • Christians resisting Arabization of Spanish Christians • Translation of Christian religious texts into Arabic • Eulogius of Cordoba (d. 859) • 48 monks, nuns, priests, and devout Christians purposefully sought martyrdom • Defaming Muhammad • Apostasizing from Islam • Attacked by Arabicized Christians • Umayyads dismiss Christians from service 17th century Spanish depiction of execution of Eulogius

  16. Taifa or Party Kings • 11th century – Umayyad Caliphate breaks down • Provincial independence • Continues flourishing of culture • Multiple courts with multiple patrons

  17. Reconquista • Band of Christian kingdoms survived in northern Spain • Ideological movement develops to reconquer and recolonize Spain • 1085: King Alfonso VI conquers Toledo • Opens world of Muslim knowledge and culture to the West • Translation of Arabic texts into Latin Alcazar of Toledo (not Ohio)

  18. Reconquista • Not entirely ideological • Christian and Muslim mercenaries fight on both sides • Arabicized Christians and the Taifa courts • Insertion of crusading ideology, importation of crusaders, and establishment of Catholic institutions push ideological nature

  19. Spain and North Africa • 1082 – Spanish Muslims request support of Almoravids • 1149 – Almohads invade Spain • Both bring more extreme Muslim ideology • Breaking down of La Convivencia • 1212 – Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: combined army of Leon, Castile, Navarre, and Aragon defeat Almohads

  20. The Emirate of Granada • Mid-13th century – 1492: Granada is the last Muslim territory in Spain • Important port, brings in money and supplies • Large population of Muslims fleeing Christian rule • Disunity within Christian kingdoms slows down conquest The Alhambra in Granada

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