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Fundamentals of Biology

Fundamentals of Biology. What is life???????. Do we know?. Biologists have never agreed upon a definition. Soooooooooo……… they describe the properties that living things have in common. Living things. The ingredients of life. Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are necessary for life.

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Fundamentals of Biology

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  1. Fundamentals of Biology What is life???????

  2. Do we know? • Biologists have never agreed upon a definition. Soooooooooo……… they describe the properties that living things have in common.

  3. Living things

  4. The ingredients of life • Beside water, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are necessary for life. • Compounds made up of these three things are known as organic compounds

  5. The four main groups of organic molecules • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic acids

  6. Carbohydrates • Sugars and starches used for energy • Structure – chitin (shells of marine organisms) and cellulose (the main ingredient of wood and plant fibers)

  7. Proteins • Composed of smaller subunits called amino acids • In addition to C, H, and O proteins contain Nitrogen • Functions: make up muscles, enzymes, hormones, carry oxygen, and even act as antifreeze in Antarctic fishes

  8. Lipids • Fats, oils and waxes • Functions: energy storage, waterproofing, insulation and help with buoyancy

  9. Nucleic Acids • DNA and RNA • Functions: store and transmit the basic genetic information of all living things

  10. Energy • Photosynthesis – plants produce usable energy (glucose) from the sun, carbon dioxide and nutrients. • Respiration – use the energy formed by plants in addition to oxygen to gain the needed energy to function.

  11. Cells • Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes – no organelles • Eukaryotes – organelles : nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, etc..

  12. Life in the sea • What is unique about living in the ocean? • Salt water • Movement of water – tides and curents • Temperature

  13. Dealing with the salt • Diffusion – molecules moving from high concentration to low. • Cells spend most of their energy actively transporting materials opposite the direction of diffusion.

  14. Marine fish have the ability to rid their body of excess salt – through their gills and in their urine

  15. Temperature • Marine organisms are ectotherms (cold-blooded) or endotherms (warm-blooded). • The organisms have adapted to live in particular temperature ranges where their enzymes would work the best.

  16. Reproducing • Sexual – eggs, sperm and fertilization – offspring inherits genes from each parent • Asexual – budding, and fission – all offspring are exact copies of parent

  17. Why the diversity? • Theory of evolution – the gradual alteration of a species genetic make-up. • Why does this occur? • Natural Selection – the best adapted individuals produce more offspring

  18. KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FROM GREECE SATURDAY Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Classifying all the organisms

  19. Humans • Kingdom  Animalia   (multicellular organisms that eat other organisms; mostly mobile • Phylum  Chordata   (animals with a semi-rigid rod, a notochord, running down its back • Class  Mammalia   (chordates with hair and mammary glands) • Order  Primates   (mammals with well-developed hands and a high level of  intelligenceFamily  Hominidae   (primates which walk upright on two legs, hands well structured for manipulating objects; cerebrum of the brain is relatively large • Genus  Homo   (tool-using hominids with very large brain • Species  Homo sapiens  (only surviving species of genus Homo)

  20. Bottlenose Dolphin • Kingdom  Animalia   • Phylum  Chordata   • Class  Mammalia   • Order  Cetacea • Family  Delphinidae • Genus  Tursiops • Species  Tursiops truncatus

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