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Islam and Africa

Islam and Africa. Chapter 8. Concept question. How did Islam and Animism co-exist in African societies?. Concept Question 2. What were the common economic elements of Africa?. Concept Question 3. How did the forested West African societies differ from the majority of the continent?.

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Islam and Africa

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  1. Islam and Africa Chapter 8

  2. Concept question • How did Islam and Animism co-exist in African societies?

  3. Concept Question 2 • What were the common economic elements of Africa?

  4. Concept Question 3 • How did the forested West African societies differ from the majority of the continent?

  5. Underlying Similarities of African Societies • Spread of Bantu-speaking peoples • Animistic religions across Africa • Religion, economics, and history closely intertwined • Stateless societies through the continent

  6. Comparison to… • Western Europe! • Similarity in processes of state building • Difference in technology and ideology • Witchcraft

  7. Intro of Islam in Africa • Connects North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa • 640-700 • 711 • Abbasids, then separate states • Berbers form new states

  8. Why Africans liked Islam • Equality with Arabs • Unity of religious and social power in king • Appeals to kings

  9. Christian Kingdoms • Christians in Egypt and Nubia • Copts • Kush in Nubia resists • Ethiopia as most important Christian kingdom

  10. Three Coasts of Interaction • Atlantic Ocean • Indian Ocean • Sahel

  11. Kingdoms of the Grasslands • Camels • Worked in desert, not in forest • Sahel develops as trading cog

  12. Ghana • Founded 3rd century • Traded salt and gold • Islam 10th century • Almoravids in 1076 bring decline

  13. Similarities of Sudan states • Patriarch or council of elders • Conquest states • Rulers sacred

  14. Mali • Malinke in 13th century • King supported Islam • Agriculture and gold trade • Juula • Sundiataand griots • Political organization • Secured travel • Punished crime • Mansa Musa

  15. Cities of Sudan • Commercial towns • Craft specialists • Foreign merchants • Jenne and Timbuktu • Most people farm • Tough soil, poor tools • Hoe & bow

  16. Songhay • Interior of Mali • Independent in 7th century • Gao by 1010 • 1370s, independence from Mali • Empire under Sunni Ali and his cavalry • Fusion of Muslim and pagan traditions • 1591, Moroccan army invades • Leads to internal dissent

  17. Political and Social life in the Sudan • Hausa peoples of Nigeria • Syncretic states • Kano and Katsina • Smaller states have same political, social, religious forms of empires • Muslims beyond Sudan- intermarriage, merchants • Villages, clans, ethnic groups organize life • Political states rep a dominant family • Common religion and law help merchants • Rulers accommodate pagan traditions • Slavery and slave trade impact women and children • Supposed to be transition to Islam

  18. Swahili Coast • Islamized port cities develop • Reflect international interaction • Provides universal ethics • Slow to reach population • Coastal villages of farmers/fishers, pottery and iron • 13th century, urbanized trading ports • Ivory, gold, iron, slaves exchanged for silks and porcelain • Kilwa- access to gold and furthest south • 13th-15th, Kilwa flourishes

  19. Mixing cultures • Islam promotes long-distance trade • Bond of trust and law • Rulers from Shiraz • Strong African culture • Swahili • Islam limited in interior • Coastal areas near town • Syncretism- lineage through women & men

  20. West African Forest • Certain areas devoid of large Islam influence • Nok- agr. And iron tools (500 bce-200 ce) • Ile-Ife, terra cotta and bronze heads after 1200 • Art about royalty and kinship • Yoruba • Oduwada • Non-Bantu language • Small city-states • Regional princes, councils, ogboni • Similar in Edo, east of Yoruba • City-state of Benin • Ewuare the Great expands (r.1440-73) • Oba lives in royal compound • Ivory and cast bronze, less natural

  21. Central African Kingdoms • South of the forest, savanna • Mostly beyond Islam, form state around 1000 CE • Political authority based on kinship (rituals) • Katanga, Lubappl modify old village headsmen to divine kingship • Bureaucracy great (hereditary)

  22. Kongo • 13th cent., kingdom along Congo- flourished by 15th • Agr., weaving, pottery, blacksmith, carving (craftsmen) • Division of labor • Population in family-based villages and towns • Hereditary kingship, chieftains not • Confederation of states under manikongo • 8 provinces

  23. MweneMutapu • Further east, Bantu confederation develops • Shona-speaking • 9th century, western migrants built stone temples, palaces • Great Zimbabwe • Centralized in 15th century • Dominated trade due to gold • 16th, internal division and rebellion split kingdom • Cattles lead to soil exhaustion

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