Chapter 1 A Continent of Villages

1. Chapter 1 A Continent of Villages

2. In 1492 Columbus… • Vikings in the 11th Century • Zheng He and China 1421-1423 Zheng He Columbus

3. BERINGIA Migration Routes from Asia to America During the Ice Age, Asia and North America were joined where the Bering Straits are today, forming a migration route for hunting peoples. Either by boat along the coast, or through a narrow corridor between the huge northern glaciers, these migrants began making their way to the heartland of the continent as much as 30,000 years ago.

4. Pre-Columbian time period. • First Americans came from Asia (Three migrations from Asia beginning about 30,000 years ago) • Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age • Following a food source • Gradual migration

5. Early Human Migrations

6. CLOVIS TECHNOLOGY

7. GLOBAL WARMING CHANGES CLIMATE& GEOGRAPHY 15,000 YEARS AGO!

8. GEOGRAPHY = SOCIAL ECONOMIC POLITICAL EXISTENCE

9. When, in 1927, archaeologists at Folsom, New Mexico, uncovered this dramatic example of a projectile point embedded in the ribs of a long-extinct species of bison, it was the first proof that Indians had been in North America for many thousands of years.

10. Geography tied to social, economic, political habits

11. Existing N. American cultures were not “primitive” • Were underestimated by contemporaries and historians • Vast trade networks – trails or roads? • Socialization – values, traditions, kinship bonds • Specialization – tasks based on division of labor • Political – diplomacy, rules of war • Cultural – art, music, oral history • Cahokia (Mississippian – mid-1200’s) • Anasazis (SW farming culture – 1st century CE)

13. The Development of Farming5,000 years ago Mesoamerican maize cultivation, as illustrated by an Aztec artist for the Florentine Codex, a book prepared a few years after the Spanish conquest. The peoples of Mesoamerica developed a greater variety of cultivated crops than those found in any other region in the world, and their agricultural productivity helped sustain one of the world’s great civilizations. SOURCE:American Museum of Natural History. FARMING = Settled Communities & Social Complexity

15. Cahokia

16. The Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, the shape of an uncoiling snake more than 1,300 feet long, is the largest effigy earthwork in the world. Monumental public works like these the Mississippian people. SOURCE:Photo by George Gerster.Comstock Images.

17. The City of Cahokia, with a population of more than 30,000, was the center of a farming society that arose on the Mississippi bottomlands near present-day St. Louis in the tenth century CE.

18. Cahokia

19. Cliff Palace, at Mesa Verde National Park in southwest Colorado, was created 900 years ago when the Anasazis left the mesa tops and moved into more secure and inaccessible cliff dwellings.

20. The New Queen Being Taken to the King, engraved by Theodor de Bry in the sixteenth century from a drawing by Jacques le Moyne, an early French colonist of Florida.

21. 350+ native societies when Europeans arrived • 7-10 million people • Clovis tradition (N. Mex) demonstrated Indians there 12,000 yrs. Ago • Montana to Mexico, Nova Scotia to Arizona • Indians were VERY diverse (range of unique regional cultures & differences w/in regions) • Migration from Asia on NW land passage across Bering Straits (25,000-30,000 yrs. ago)

22. James Fraser’s “The End of the Trail” (1915), a monumental sculpture created for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. John Vanderlyn’s “The Death of Jane McCrea” (1804) depicted an incident of the Revolution, the murder and scalping of a Patriot woman by warriors fighting with the British.

23. Chapter 2 When Worlds Collide

24. Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century

25. Europe on the Eve of Contact • Feudalism/Hierarchy • Catholic Church/Anti-Semitism • Famine/ Disease/ Black Death/ Violence • Crusades • Renaissance/ Technology • Protestant Reformation

26. A French peasant labors in the field before a spectacular castle in a page taken from the illuminated manuscript Tres Riches Heures, made in the fifteenth century for the duc de Berry. In 1580 the essayist Montaigne talked with several American Indians at the French court who “noticed among us some men gorged to the full with things of every sort while their other halves were beggars at their doors, emaciated with hunger and poverty” and “found it strange that these poverty-stricken halves should suffer such injustice, and that they did not take the others by the throat or set fire to their houses.” SOURCE:Photograph by Giraudon,Art Resource,N.Y.

27. Causes of European Exploration • Merchants & New Monarchs (Commercial Revolution) = capital • Centralized Governments • Renaissance>inventions from Asia (compass, gunpowder, movable type) + humanism > drive to explore + knowledge of eastern riches • Protestant Reformation • Land Scarcity • Capture of Constantinople in 1453 by Ottoman Turks

29. European movement EUROPEAN MOVEMENT ONTO INDIAN LAND

30. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

31. New Weapons Technology

32. Explorers Sailing For Portugal • Portugal – took lead in 15th C exploration caravel (faster vessel) • Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460 • Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488 • da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498 • Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500

33. Direct Causes = 3 G’s • Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) • Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) • Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other

34. Columbus’ Four Voyages

35. Columbian Exchangeor the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

36. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

37. European Colonization European Colonization • Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world…. • Spain • England • France • Portugal • This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

38. F/I War 1750

39. Spanish • Frontier of (forced) Inclusion • Marched across Caribbean islands (1492+) • Gold & riches • Botolome de la Casas – Span Catholic Priest – wrote Destruction of the Indies(1552) • Why destroyed? – not war, rather starvation, disease (small pox, measles, malaria, typhoid), lower birthrate • Height of Spanish Power = 16th century

40. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries EuropeanColonialEmpire Permanent Settlers

41. The Colonial Class System PeninsularesSpanish ancestory CreolesSpanish and Black mixture. MestizosSpanish and Indian mixture MulattosWhite American and Black mixture Black Slaves Native Indians

42. First Spanish Conquests: The AztecsCortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519 and took control of modern day Mexico. vs. Hernando Cortés Montezuma II

43. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

44. First Spanish Conquests: The IncasPizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532 vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

45. This drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1520 is taken from the Florentine Codex.

46. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas • Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish. • Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized. • Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways. • New Laws --> 1542

47. Conquest not colonization The Destruction of the Indies The Cruelties Used by the Spaniards on the Indians, from a 1599 English edition of The Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas. These scenes were copied from a series of engravings produced by Theodore de Bry that accompanied an earlier edition. SOURCE:British Library.

48. Changing of the Guard • Spain (15th-16th century) – gold & later planting sugar & enslaved Indians • Ex. Cortez (Mex 1519-21), Pizarro (Peru 1531-35) • 17th C – Spanish civ. in New World declines by 1600 due to overworked land & Indian labor force dying off from disease • Defeat of Spanish Armada by English (1588) destroys Spanish monopoly on New World • Positive legacy? – frontier of inclusion = mixing between male colonists & native women

49. The French • French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada • Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America • Develop a fur trade • Couier do Bois • Frontier of Inclusion

50. The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, land at the mouth of the St. Johns River in Florida. The image shows the local Timucua people welcoming the French, It is likely that the Timucuas viewed the French as potential allies against the Spanish, who had plundered the coast many times in pursuit of slaves. SOURCE:Colored engraving,1591,by Theodor de Bry after a now lost drawing by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues;The Granger Collection.