COMP3221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

1. COMP3221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems Lecture 16: Interrupts II http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs3221 Lecturer: Hui Wu Session 2, 2005

2. Overview • AVR Interrupts • Interrupt Vector Table • System Reset • Watchdog Timer • Timer/Counter0 • Interrupt Service Routines COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

3. AVR MCU Architecture COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

4. Interrupts in AVR • The number of interrupts varies with specific AVR device. • Two types of interrupts: Internal interrupts and external interrupts. • Internal interrupts: Generated by on-chip I/O devices. • External interrupts: Generated by external I/O devices. • For most internal interrupts, they don’t have an individual enable/disable bit. • Program cannot enable/disable these interrupts. • External interrupts have an individual enable/disable bit. • Program can enable/disable these interrupts. • An external interrupt can be rising edge-triggered, or falling edge- triggered or low level-triggered). • Special I/O registers (External Interrupt Control Registers EICRA and EICRB in Mega64) to specify how each external interrupt is triggered..

5. Interrupts in AVR (Cont.) • There is a global interrupt enable/disable bit, the I-bit, in Program Status Register SREG. • Setting the I-bit will enable all interrupts except those with individual enable/disable bit. Those interrupts are enabled only if both I and their own enable/disable bit are set. • The I-bit is cleared after an interrupt has occurred and is set by the instruction RETI. • Programmers can use SEI and CLI to set and clear the I-bit. • If the I-bit is enabled in the interrupt service routine, nested interrupts are allowed. • SREG is not automatically saved by hardware when entering an interrupt service routine. • An interrupt service routine needs to save it and other conflict registers on the stack at the beginning and restore them at the end.

6. Interrupts in AVR (Cont.) • Reset is handled as a nonmaskable interrupt. • Each interrupt has a 4-byte interrupt vector, containing an instruction to be executed after MCU has accepted the interrupt. • Each interrupt vector has a vector number, an integer from 1 to n, the maximum number of interrupts. • The priority of each interrupt is determined by its vector number. • The lower the vector number, the higher priority. • All interrupt vectors, called Interrupt Vector Table, are stored in a contiguous section in flash memory. • Starts from 0 by default. • Can be relocated.

7. Interrupt Vectors in Mega64

8. Interrupt Vectors in Mega64 (Cont.)

9. Interrupt Vectors in Mega64 (Cont.)

10. Initialization of Interrupt Vector Table in Mega64 • Typically an interrupt vector contains a branch instruction (JMP or RJMP) that branches to the first instruction of the interrupt service routine. • Or simply RETI (return-from-interrupt) if you don’t handle this interrupt.

11. Example of IVT Initialization in Mega64 .include "m64def.inc" .cseg .org 0 rjmp RESET ; Jump to the start of Reset interrupt service routine ; Relative jump is used assuming RESET is not far jmp IRQ0 ; Long jump is used assuming IRQ0 is very far away reti ; Return to the break point (No handling for this interrupt). … RESET: ; The interrupt service routine for RESET starts here. … IRQ0: ; The interrupt service routine for IRQ0 starts here.

12. RESET in Mega64 The ATmega64 has five sources of reset: • Power-on Reset. • The MCU is reset when the supply voltage is below the Power-on Reset threshold (VPOT). • • External Reset. • The MCU is reset when a low level is present on the RESET pin for longer than the minimum pulse length. • • Watchdog Reset. • The MCU is reset when the Watchdog Timer period expires and the Watchdog is enabled. COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

13. RESET in Mega64 (Cont.) • • Brown-out Reset. • The MCU is reset when the supply voltage VCC is below the Brown-out Reset threshold (VBOT) and the Brown-out Detector is enabled. • • JTAG AVR Reset. • The MCU is reset as long as there is a logic one in the Reset Register, one of the scan chains of the JTAG system. For each reset, there is a flag (bit) in MCU Control Register MCUCSR. • These bits are used to determine the source of the RESET interrupt.

14. RESET Logic in Mega64

15. Watchdog Timer • Used to detect software crash. • Can be enabled or disabled by properly updating WDCE bit and WDE bit in Watchdog Timer Control Register WDTCR. • 8 different periods determined by WDP2, WDP1 and WDP0 bits in WDTCR. • If enabled, it generates a Watchdog Reset interrupt when its period expires. • So program needs to reset it before its period expires by executing instruction WDR. • When its period expires, Watchdog Reset Flag WDRF in MCU Control Register MCUCSR is set. • This flag is used to determine if the watchdog timer has generated a RESET interrupt.

16. Watchdog Timer Logic COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

17. Timer Interrupt Timer interrupt has many applications: • Used to schedule (real-time) tasks • Round-Robin scheduling • All tasks take turn to execute for some fixed period. • Real-time scheduling • Some tasks must be started at a particular time and finished by a deadline. • Some tasks must be periodically executed. • Used to implement a clock • How much time has passed since the system started?

18. Timer Interrupt (Cont.) • Used to synchronize tasks. • Task A can be started only if a certain amount of time has passed since the completion of task B. • Can be coupled with wave-form generator to support Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). • Details to be covered later.

19. Timer0 in AVR 8-bit timer with the following features: • Clear Timer on Compare Match (Auto Reload) • Glitch-free, Phase Correct Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) • Frequency Generator • 10-bit Clock Prescaler • Overflow and Compare Match Interrupt Sources (TOV0 and OCF0) • It generates a Timer0 Overflow Interrupt Timer0OVF when it overflows. • It generates a Timer/Counter0 Output Match Interrupt Timer0COMP when the timer/counter value matches the value in Output Compare Register OCR0. • Timer0OVF and Timer0COMP can be individually enabled/disabled. • Allows Clocking from External 32 kHz Watch Crystal Independent of the I/O Clock

20. Timer0 In AVR–Block Diagram

21. Prescaler for Timer0 COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

22. Timer0 Registers • Seven I/O registers for Timer0: • Timer/Counter Register TCNT0. • Contains the current timer/counter value. • Output Compare Register OCR0. • Contains an 8-bit value that is continuously compared with the counter value (TCNT0). • Timer/Counter Control Register TCCR. • Contains control bits. • Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register TIMSK (shared with other timers). • Contains enable/disable bits.

23. Timer0 Registers (Cont.) • Timer/Counter Interrupt Flag Register TIFR (shared with other timers). • Contains interrupt flags. • Asynchronous Status Register ASSR. • Contains control bits for asynchronous operations. • Special Function I/O Register SFIOR. • Contains synchronization mode bit and prescaler reset bit. COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

24. Timer Control Register COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

25. Timer Control Register (Cont.) • The mode of operation, i.e., the behavior of the Timer/Counter and the Output Compare pins, is defined by the combination of the Waveform Generation mode (WGM01:0) and Compare Output mode (COM01:0) bits. • The simplest mode of operation is the Normal Mode (WGM01:0 = 0). In this mode the counting direction is always up (incrementing), and no counter clear is performed. The counter simply overruns when it passes its maximum 8-bit value (TOP = 0xFF) and then restarts from the bottom (0x00). • Refer to Mega64 Data Sheet (pages 96~100) for details. COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

26. Timer/Counter Interrupt Mask Register • • Bit 1 – OCIE0: Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match Interrupt Enable. • 1: Enabled 0: Disabled • • Bit 0 – TOIE0: Timer/Counter0 Overflow Interrupt Enable. • 1: Enabled 0: Disabled COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

27. ISR Example .include "m64def.inc" ; This program implements a second counter ; using Timer0 interrupt. .def temp r16 .MACRO Clear ldi r28, low(@0) ; Load the low byte of label @0 ldi r29, high(@0) ; Load the high byte of label @0 clr temp st y, temp st –y, temp ; Initialize the two-byte integer at @0 to 0 .ENDMACRO .

28. ISR Example .dseg SecondCounter: .byte 2 ; Two-byte second counter. TempCounter: .byte 2 ; Temporary counter. Used to determine ; if one second has passed .cseg .org 0 jmp RESET jmp DEFAULT ; No handling for IRQ0. jmp DEFAULT ; No handling for IRQ1.

29. ISR Example (Cont.) … jmp Timer0 ; Jump to the interrupt handler for Timer 0 overflow. jmp DEFAULT ; No handling for all other interrupts. … DEFAULT: reti ; No handling foe this interrupt RESET: ldi temp, high(RAMEND) ; Initialize stack pointer out SPH, temp ldi temp, low(RAMEND) out SPL, temp … ; Insert further initialization code here rjmp main

30. Timer0 ISR Timer0: push SREG ; Prologue starts. push r29 ; Save all conflict registers in the prologue. push r28 push r25 push r24 ; Prologue ends. ldi r28, low(TempCounter) ; Load the address of the temporary ldi r29, high(TempCounter) ; counter. ld r24, y+ ; Load the value of the temporary counter. ld r25, y adiw r25:r24, 1 ; Increase the temporary counter by one.

31. Timer0 ISR (Cont.) cpi r24, low(3597) ; Check if (r25:r24)=3597 ldi temp, high(3597) ; 3597= 106/278 cpc r25, temp brne NotSecond clr temp ; One second has passed since last interrupt st y, temp ; Reset the temporary counter. st –y, temp ldi r30, low(SecondCounter) ; Load the address of the second ldi r31, high(SecondCounter) ; counter. ld r24, z+ ; Load the value of the second counter. ld r25, z adiw r25:r24, 1 ; Increase the second counter by one.

32. Timer0 ISR (Cont.) st z, r25 ; Store the value of the second counter. st –z, r24 NotSecond: st y, r25 ; Store the value of the temporary counter. st –y, r24 pop r25 ; Epilogue starts; pop r24 ; Restore all conflict registers from the stack. pop r28 pop r29 pop SREG reti ; Return from the interrupt.

33. ISR Example (Cont.) main: Clear TempCounter ; Initialize the temporary counter to 0 Clear SecondCounter ; Initialize the second counter to 0 ldi temp, 0b00000010 out TCCR0, temp ; Prescaling value=8 256*8/7.3728 ldi temp, 1<<TOIE0 ; =278 microseconds out TIMSK, temp ; T/C0 interrupt enable sei ; Enable global interrupt loop: rjmp loop ; loop forever Comments: 1: The frequency of Timer clock in Mega64 is 7.3728Mhz. 2: Prescaling value is set to 8. Since the maximum value of a 8-bit counter is 255, Timer0 Overflow Interrupt occurs every 256*8/7.3728 =278 microseconds.

34. Non-Nested Interrupts • Interrupt Service Routines cannot be interrupted by another interrupt. Interrupt service routine Main program

35. Nested Interrupts • Interrupt Service Routines can be interrupted by another interrupt. ISR1 ISR2 ISR3 Main program

36. Reading Read the following sections inMega64 Data Sheet. • Overview • AVR CPU Core • System Control and Reset. • Watchdog Timer. • Interrupts. • External Interrupts. • 8-bit Time/Counter0 with PWM and Asynchronous Operation. COMP3221/9221: Microprocessors and Embedded Systems