Project 1 Health Effects of California Agricultural Particulate Matter

1. Project 1Health Effects of California Agricultural Particulate Matter • Kent Pinkerton – Project Leader • Keith Bein – Co-Investigator • Alejandro Castañeda – Graduate Student • Alexa Pham – Graduate Student

2. Agricultural Field Study – Parlier, CA

3. Agricultural Field Study – Parlier, CA

4. Agricultural Field Study – Parlier, CA East North South West

5. R2P: Research to practice milestones 1) Implementation of novel methods for sampling agricultural particulates. 2) Ability to define agricultural particles by size and composition to address the importance of the source or origin of the particle In real-time to produce health effects in healthy as well as allergic-prone agricultural workers. 3) Perfected filter extraction methods to recover a more representative range of particles collected in the agricultural setting. This advance in research technology allows for a more complete analysis of the full range of airborne particles in the agricultural setting. 4) A novel technology to sample in real-time particles to examine the health effects of source-oriented particulate matter. 5) Seasonal sampling (summer and winter) has allowed us to demonstrate differences between biomass burning, vehicular emissions and metals for both respiratory and cardiovascular endpoints in laboratory animals that have a direct correlation to potential human health impacts.

6. Distal Lung Airway 10X Distal Lung Airway 20X Centriacinar Region 20X Centriacinar Region 10X

7. Impact #1: Perfected extraction methods to examine health impacts from particles collected during summer and winter seasons in an agricultural/rural setting. Performed work testing source-oriented samples in an allergic mouse model. Testing of source-oriented particulate samples generated in an agricultural (rural setting) in an allergic mouse model has been implemented to determine the effects of particle exposure during the sensitization phase of allergic airway inflammation to model asthma. Product: Plummer LE, Ham WH, Kleeman MJ, Wexler AE, Pinkerton KE. 2012 Influence of Season and Location on Pulmonary Response to California’s San Joaquin Valley Airborne Particulate Matter, Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Health, 75:253–271.

8. Impact #2: Further protocol development and implementation of sample preparation techniques for the chemical analysis of extracted PM samples, including ICP-MS, XRF, IC, GC-MS and EC/OC. All chemical analyses will be performed on the extracted PM samples, rather than the filter and substrate samples as is typically the case, and thus each analytical technique requires its own unique and novel sample extraction and preparation procedures. In addtion, methods of resuspension of collected particles as an aerosol have been designed. This is critical in better understanding particle-induced biological responses in the respiratory tract. Product: Madl AK, Teague SV, Qu Y, Masiel D, Evans JE, Guo T, Pinkerton KE. 2012 Aerosolization System for Experimental Inhalation Studies of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials, Aerosol Science and Technology, 46:94-107

9. Impact #3: Sensitivity models continue to be critical to better clarify the potential of exposure to particles and gases to enhance the biological response. We have designed protocols to address these issues. We have further studied approaches to derive more reliable and sensitive measures of agricultural particulate and air pollution impacts on the respiratory tract. Product: Plummer LE, Smiley-Jewell S, Pinkerton KE. 2012 Impact of air pollution on lung inflammation and the role of Toll-like receptors. International Journal of Interferon, Cytokine and Mediator Research 2012:4 43–57. Claude JA, Grimm A, Savage HP, Pinkerton KEA. 2012 Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Enhances Susceptibility to Viral and Secondary Bacterial Infections Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 9:3954-3964

10. Impact #4: The refinement of an allergic mouse model using either ovalbumin or house dust mite allergen to test agriculturally-based PM as well as combustion-generated particles. Studies in this model have demonstrated enhanced inflammatory and cytokine-mediated responses to combustion-generated particles and source-oriented PM. Product: (National scientific conference presentations): LE Plummer, CM Carosino, KJ Bein, Y Zhao, AS Wexler, KE Pinkerton. Toxicity of day/night urban San Joaquin Valley particulate matter is size and season dependent. Society of Toxicology, San Francisco, CA CM Carosino, LE Plummer, KJ Bein, AS Wexler, KE Pinkerton. Selection of an Acute Model of Allergic Airway Inflammation for Differential Testing of Source-Oriented Particles. Society of Toxicology, San Francisco, CA 2 presentations at the American Thoracic Society – May 2014

11. Future Goals Continue studies with seasonal agricultural particulate matter in the allergic mouse model. Plan particle sampling campaigns under different agricultural settings. Identify sources of agricultural particulate matter producing greatest health impact. Determine the importance of particle size on observed allergic response.