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NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS. Aniket Saigal Class XII, TSRS Aravali, Gurugram. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS. From time immemorial it has been the endeavour of the physicians to provide patients with the best possible forms of medicines so that recovery from disease is faster, and complete.

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NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

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  1. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS Aniket Saigal Class XII, TSRS Aravali, Gurugram

  2. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • From time immemorial it has been the endeavour of the physicians to provide patients with the best possible forms of medicines so that recovery from disease is faster, and complete. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  3. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • The drugs are delivered in a suitable formulation keeping in view the • safety • efficacy & • acceptability • and such a formulation is usually known as the • ‘drug delivery system’. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  4. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • The drug delivery systems can be divided into: • CONVENTIONAL drug delivery systems • NOVEL drug delivery systems (NDDS) 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  5. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • CONVENTIONAL drug delivery systems are the • classical methods of drug delivery such as: • Oral (Enteral) • Parenteral (Injection-based) – Intra-dermal, Sub-cutaneous, Intra-muscular, Intra-venous, Intra-thecal, Intra-osseous, Intra-ocular... • Topical – Dermal, Trans-dermal • Mucosal – Buccal, Sub-lingual, Rectal, Vaginal • Inhalational 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

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  8. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • NDDS refers to • new approaches, • formulations, • technologies, and • systems • for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effects. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  9. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • Advantages of NDDS: • Decreased dosing frequency. • Gradual rise of drug concentration in blood. • Sustained blood level within the therapeutic window. • Enhanced bioavailability. • Achievement of a targeted drug release. • Reduced side effects. • Improved patient compliance etc. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  10. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • Why do we need NDDS? • their obvious clinical advantages, and • Often, reformulation of an old drug in a NDDS • rejuvenates clinical interest in the drug, thus • adding to its effective market life. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  11. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • With NDDS, relatively lesser investment of time and money could lead to higher margins of profit. • It is easier to develop a NDDS rather than a new molecule and a company can file an ANDA to US FDA more easily. • *ANDA = Abbreviated New Drug Application • * FDA = Food and Drug Administration 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  12. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • According to a recent estimate, the development of a new drug for human use involves over $800 million and 10-12 years of research inputs. • However, 9/10 drugs fail in their clinical study phase causing huge loss to the investigating organization. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  13. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS Several types of NDDS have been developed. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  14. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • Modes of NDDS: • Targeted Drug Delivery System • Controlled Drug Delivery System • Modulated Drug Delivery System 18 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  15. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • Some Types of NDDS: • Microparticulate Drug Delivery Systems • Nanoparticles • Osmotically Modulated Drug Delivery Systems • Transdermal Therapeutic Systems (TTS) • Aquasomes 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  16. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS Some Types of NDDS... Dendrimers Microemulsions Liposomes Brain Specific Drug Delivery Systems Self-Regulating Drug Delivery System 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  17. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • Microparticulate Drug Delivery Systems – • Microparticulate drugs are small particles of solids or small droplets of liquids surrounded by walls of natural & synthetic polymer films. • Examples include theophylline (for treatment of asthma), vitamins, cardiovascular drugs (propranol), antipsychotics (for treatment of schizophrenia), antibacterials (amoxycillin), and chemotherapeutic agents. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  18. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • 2. Nanoparticles – • These are colloidal drug delivery systems in the nanometer size range (one nanometer is equivalent to 10-9 m). • They have got all characteristics of the liposomes minus the stability problems. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  19. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 2. Nanoparticles – Their most promising area of application is tumor-targeting capability. They may also enhance circulation time in blood by fooling the physiological recognition mechanism of phagocytosis. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  20. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 2. Nanoparticles – Not only are the nanoparticles suitable for parenteral administration, but also they have been exploited as advanced systems for drug delivery through - cornea, - skin, - bronchioles, and - oral routes. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  21. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 2. Nanoparticles – Using nanotechnology, the drug is targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective & reduce the chances of side-effects. Often Nano-carriers are used and they include Nanoparticles, Nanotubules, Nanoshell etc. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

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  24. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • 3. Osmotically Modulated Drug Delivery Systems – • A very successful form of NDDS. • Tablets coated with semi-permeable barrier polymers that have a laser-drilled precision hole as drug delivery orifice. • In the gastrointestinal fluid the osmotic materials inside the tablets cause increase in osmotic pressure inside the barrier which forces drug to rush out of the orifice. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  25. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • 3. Osmotically Modulated Drug Delivery Systems – • Prazosin (to treat high BP, anxiety), • Salbutamol (as a bronchodilator), • Phenylpropanolamine (as decongestant, ↓appetite), • Chlorpheniramine (to treat allergy, rhinitis, urticaria), • Glipizide (to treat diabetes mellitus), etc. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  26. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 4. Transdermal Therapeutic Systems (TTS) – Skin used as a port of non-invasive painless drug delivery. - Nitroglycerine (to treat angina), - Scopolamine (to treat motion sickness), - Nicotine (to assist smoking cessation) and - a few female hormones are available as TTS. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

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  28. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • 5. Aquasomes– • These are carbohydrate stabilized nanoparticles of ceramics / calcium phosphate having water-like properties that help to preserve the fragile biological molecules. • Their 3 layered structures are self-assembled by ionic bonds. • They are used as carriers for delivery of viral antigen, insulin, haemoglobin, drug, and for delivery of genes. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  29. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • 6. Dendrimers – • These are novel 3D hyperbranched globular structures like trees and hence the name "Dendrimer" [dendron (GR.) = tree]. • They possess a very large number of chain ends. • They have inherent antiretroviral activity. • They also enhance uptake and retention of drugs within tumour cells. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

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  31. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 7. Microemulsions – Microemulsions are transparent systems of colloidal nature that are formed from classical emulsions to afford solubilization of water-insoluble molecules, thereby improving their bioavailability & applicability. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  32. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • 7. Microemulsions – • Various drugs such as: • NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) • Antifungals • Cyclosporin • Proteins and peptides such as ‘oral insulin’ systems, and (under development) oral vaccines • use microemulsion systems. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  33. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 8. Liposomes – These are uni-/multilamellarphospholipid vesicles composed of concentric spherical layers of aqueous zones sandwiched between phospholipid membranes. They are often referred to as "artificial cells" as they resemble one in almost all practical aspects. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  34. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 8. Liposomes – Drugs such as Amphotericin B (antifungal), Doxorubicin (chemotherapy) have been successfully launched in market as liposomes. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  35. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 9. Brain Specific Drug Delivery Systems- Treatment of CNS diseases is particularly challenging because delivery of drug molecule to the brain is prevented by Blood-Brain Barrier and Blood-CSF Barrier. In order to achieve brain-specific drug delivery, one needs to - circumvent the blood-brain-barrier, or - convert water soluble entities to lipid soluble ones. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  36. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 9. Brain Specific Drug Delivery Systems- Various strategies for manipulating the BBB include: - osmotic & chemical opening of BBB, - conjugation of drugs with liposomes & nanoparticles. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  37. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 10. Self-Regulating Drug Delivery System – These are delivery systems which deliver drug at a time when needed by the body and at a variable rate determined by physiological need. These are ‘intelligent self-regulatory or pulsatile drug delivery systems’, which release drug in response to internal or external stimuli. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  38. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 10. Self-Regulating Drug Delivery System – A classical example of a self-regulated drug delivery system is the ‘Insulin Pump’: 18 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  39. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS • A few NDDS related Concerns: • Toxic effects- each material put in the body, as well as its degradation products, must be evaluated; this is especially important for synthetic polymers; • Discomfort caused by the delivery system or its insertion, e.g. insulin pump; • Increased cost etc. 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

  40. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS Thank You 20 June 2018 Aniket Saigal

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