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The Dike and the Flood: International

The Dike and the Flood: International. Section 11.55. Introduction. Congress of Vienna powers agreed to hold meeting in the future to enforce the treaty and take up new issues Congress resembled L of Nations or UN

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The Dike and the Flood: International

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  1. The Dike and the Flood: International Section 11.55

  2. Introduction • Congress of Vienna powers agreed to hold meeting in the future to enforce the treaty and take up new issues • Congress resembled L of Nations or UN • Congresses that followed Vienna subscribed in part to Alexander’s Holy Alliance • Congress/Metternich System • The use of alliances to suppress revolutionary and liberal activity • representatives of the powers were to meet periodically to suppress revolutionary movements • Involved close supervision of the universities and censorship

  3. The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1818 Main issues • to discuss the withdraw army of occupation from France • Help the French accept Louis XVIII • Arranged for private bankers to take over France’s reparation Alexander • most advanced internationalists of the day • suggested that a permanent European union with international military force be formed to safeguard recognized states Internationalism of Alexander is blocked by British reservations about long-term military commitments (like Wilson’s League of Nations) • Slavery and the Barbary Pirates • England would not commit naval resources to an international league • International league would not give free reign to the British to inspect any ship

  4. Revolution in Southern Europe: The Congress of Troppau, 1820 • Naples and Spanish liberals force Bourbon oath to constitutionalism of 1812 • Metternich gets nervous and calls the Congress of Troppau to block liberalism • Metternich and Alexander meet • Mett reviews the horrors of revolutionist • Alexander shifts away from support of constitutionalists • Should be granted by monarchs not extorted by revolutionaries • Metternich drafts the protocol of Trouppau • Russia, Prussia and Austria sign it • England and France do not (want to avoid long-term military commitments) • Neapolitan revolution is put down and Bourbons are restored • Gap is widening between east and west

  5. Spain and the Near East: The Congress of Verona, 1822 • Many revolutionaries and liberals fled terror in Italy and went to Spain • Alexander Ypsilanti, a Greek, military man who served Russia led armed followers from Russia to Romania hoping to lead Greek rebellion with Russian support (1821) • This did not make Metternich happy so he called for Congress of Verona • Alexander (now a conservative) refused to support Ypsilanti who was defeated by Turks Alexander Ypsilanti (1792-1828) Delacroix's Massacre on Chios

  6. Spain and the Near East: The Congress of Verona, 1822 • At Verona France proposes to go into Spain and put down the revolution • France advances into Spain with 200 thousand in 1823 to waving crowds and revolution collapses • Church and King are restored under Ferdinand VII • He (being stupid) repudiated his constitutional oath • Revolutionaries were savagely persecuted Ferdinand VII of Spain

  7. The End of the Congress System • Failed to make progress toward an international order • Came to stand for nothing except preservation of the status quo • Made no attempt at accommodating new forces emerging in Europe and the New World • No efforts at relieving revolutionary sentiments with reform • Repressed or punished all revolutionary agitation • Propped up governments that could not stand on their own (Spain) • Failed to get great powers to cooperate • France in Spain, Austria in Italy, Russia not supporting Ypsilanti in Turkey, and Great Britain pulling away from the Continent • The cause of liberalism is advanced with the collapse of the international system

  8. Russia: The Decembrist revolt 1825 • Alexander I died in 1825 • Military fragments somewhat and shows the influence of exposure to liberalism through contact with the west • Constitutionalism, Secret societies, Republicanism, Emancipation of the serfs • There was uncertainty which of his 2 brothers would succeed him (Constantine or Nicholas) • Army preferred Constantine (Constantine and Constitution) • Uneducated soldiers thought Constitution was the name of his wife! • Officers lead an uprising in December 1825 • Constantine had already deferred to Nicholas • Nicholas I (1825-1855) puts down Decembrist revolt harshly • Had rebellious officers hanged or sent to Siberia work camps • Overall response is to clamp down on Russia • Revolt foreshadows the Russian Revolution • Ten years after Napoleon the conservative reaction seems to be holding back the flood of liberalism

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