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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Learning. Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College. Classical conditioning. Learning: durable change in behavior or knowledge Ivan Pavlov: digestion in dogs

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Learning Amber Gilewski Tompkins Cortland Community College

  2. Classical conditioning Learning: durable change in behavior or knowledge Ivan Pavlov: digestion in dogs Classical conditioning: type of learning; neutral stimulus brings a response after being paired with another stimulus that naturally brings out that response www.homestead.com/flowstate/files/pavlov.jpg

  3. A Schematic Representation of Classical Conditioning

  4. Classical Conditioning: terminology • Neutral stimulus (NS): (i.e. tone of bell) a stimulus that doesn’t bring about specified response before conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): (i.e. meat powder) stimulus that naturally brings about specified response (UCR) • Unconditioned Response (UCR): (i.e. salivation) response that is natural; unlearned reaction to UCS • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): (i.e. tone of bell after pairing w/meat powder) formerly neutral stimulus that has been paired w/UCS to bring about response (CR) • Conditioned Response (CR): (i.e. salivation to tone of bell) learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

  5. Helpful Hints • Conditioned=learned; Unconditioned=not learned • Unconditioned stimulus => unconditioned response • UCS-UCR pairings = unlearned and untrained • During conditioning, a NS becomes the CS • CS leads to a CR & is a product of learning/training • UCR & CR are similar (i.e. salivation) • UCR occurs naturally but CR is learned

  6. Processes inClassical Conditioning Extinction – response eventually disappears Spontaneous Recovery – response reemerges Stimulus Generalization – respond to similar things Stimulus Discrimination – opposite of generalization

  7. Fig 6.10 – The conditioning of Little Albert.The diagram shows how Little Albert’s fear response to a white rat was established. Albert’s fear response to other white, furry objects illustrates generalization.

  8. Classical Conditioning in Real Life • Learning to like – conditioning positive emotions • Learning to fear – conditioning negative emotions • Accounting for taste – conditioning likes & dislikes • Reacting to medical treatments – reactions to unpleasant treatment or to those that provide relief

  9. Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Learning Operant conditioning – learning based on favorable or unfavorable consequences B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement: stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated if followed by favorable consequences www.nndb.com/people/297/000022231/bf-skinner-sm.jpg

  10. Reinforcement: consequences that strengthen responses • Delayed Reinforcement -Longer delay, slower conditioning • Primary Reinforcers -Satisfy biological needs • Secondary Reinforcers -Conditioned reinforcement; associated with primary reinforcers

  11. Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment • Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding stimulus (i.e. raise for good performance) • Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus (i.e. taking aspirin to relieve headache) • Decreasing a response: • Punishment: decreases probability that previous behavior will occur again (i.e. penalizing for misbehavior) °Positive punishment – presenting/adding unpleasant stimulus °Negative punishment – reducing/removing a pleasant stimulus • Problems with punishment: negative emotional responses, physical punishment may lead to more aggression

  12. Positive Versus Negative Reinforcers

  13. Negative Reinforcers Versus Punishment

  14. Observational Learning: Basic Processes • Albert Bandura: investigated and outlined theory of observational learning (Bobo Doll experiment) • Observational learning – learning through modeling others(aka “vicarious conditioning”) • 4 key processes • attention • retention • reproduction • motivation

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