Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment in the Human Genome

1. Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment in the Human Genome Jian Ma Powerpoint: Casey Hanson Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

2. Introduction This goals of the lab are as follows: • Gain experience using BLAST and Genome Browsers by looking at repeat families in the VHL gene. • Become familiar with BLAT and the UCSC website by discovering the identity of a mysterysequence. • Visualize pairwise multi-genome alignment and chromosomal rearrangements. • View phylogeny based multi-genome alignment. • Use UCSC tools and Galaxy to intersect annotated functional regions between human and other placental animals. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

3. Step 0: Shared Desktop Directory For viewing and manipulating files on the classroom computers, we provide a shared directory in the following folderon the desktop: classes/mayo In today’s lab, we will be using the following folder in the shared directory: classes/mayo/ma Bacterial Genome Assembly v9 | C. Victor Jongeneel

4. BLAST & Genome Browser In this exercise, we will use BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) to search for significant occurrences of a class of transposable elements (TEs) called Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs), specifically of the ALU family, in the well-known VHL tumor suppressor gene. The goal of this exercise is to gain experience using BLAST, particularly blastN, and the UCSC genome browser to answer biologically relevant questions. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

5. Step 1A: BLAST VLH in ALU Database Go to the following web page: http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi Click nucleotide_blast In the Enter Query Sequence box, paste the accession # for VHL: AF010238 In the Database drop-down list, select the following: Human ALU repeat elements (alu_repeats) Click the BLAST button. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

6. Step 1B: BLAST VLH in ALU Database Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

7. Step 2A: Interpreting BLAST Results Color Indicates Quality of Match Coordinates of VHL gene Very Good Matches A match is a significant similarity between a region of the query and a region of a database sequence. Lines between boxes indicate ‘gaps’ between matches in the query sequence. (The next slide has a legend for interpretation) Good Matches Okay Matches Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

8. Step 2B: Interpreting BLAST Results Exonic regions less likely to have ALU repeats. Matches like this are likely to be located in intronic regions. Note the following legend for interpreting a match. Intron Intron Intron Exon Exon Okay Match Excellent Match Good Match Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

9. Step 3A: Examine VHL in UCSC Browser Let’s look at the structure of the VHL gene in a Genome Browser to verify that ALU elements are confined to the introns. Go to the following web page: http://genome.ucsc.edu/ Click Genome Browser In the search term, type VHL Click submit Click the 2nd link: VHL (uc003bvd.3) at chr3:10183319-10195354 Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

10. Step 3B: Examine VHL in UCSC Browser Enter chr3:10,177,301-10,201,372 into input box and click go. Right click on tracks NOT shown below and hide them. Right click on the RepeatMasker track and click full. It is dense by default. Adjust the zoom until you get a view you are comfortable with. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

11. Step 3C: Examine VHL in UCSC Browser Repeat tracks are 3’ to the gene, 5’ to the gene, or in the intronic region. This validates our hypothesis. ALUs are not the only family of SINEs located in the intronic regions. What other SINE families does VHL have? What about other TE classes other than SINE? (Answers provided in separate pdf) Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

12. BLAT In this exercise, we will use BLAT (Basic Local Alignment Tool) to search for the identity of a mysterygene annotated in the human genome. The goal of this exercise is to gain experience using BLAST, particularly blastN, and the UCSC genome browser to answer biologically relevant questions. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

13. BLAST v. BLAT BLAST BLAT × Limited to matches to a query in a particular reference genome. × Limited to non-overlapping 11-mers for DNA.  Can fit an entire genome in memory ( < 1GB) of RAM.  Fast compared to BLAST. Can find matches to a query in any set of GenBank sequences.  Not limited to a given k-mer size. × Consumes a lot of memory. × Slow compared to BLAT. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

14. Step 1A: BLAT the MysterySequence Go to the following web page: http://genome.ucsc.edu/ Click BLAT Open our mystery sequence, located below, in Notepad. classes/mayo/ma/mystery_sequence.txt Paste the sequence into the textarea Click submit Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

15. Step 1B: BLAT the Mystery Sequence Screenshot of the web form for BLAT. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

16. Step 2A: Identify Mystery Sequence BLAT will return a list of significant matches in the genome. Investigate the matches in the list by clicking browserfor each match For example, click the first browser link here. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

17. Step 2B: Identify Mystery Sequence The screenshot below shows UCSC and RefSeq genes aligned to the Mysterious Sequence. In particular, CYP2A13. Examine the other matches on the previous slide in the genome browser. Keep in mind 2 questions: (Answers provided at the end of the document) A. How many potential genes does the mysterysequence come from? B. What is the relationship among these genes? Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

18. Pairwise Whole Genome Alignments In this exercise, we will utilize the UCSC Genome Browser to view whole genome alignments computed by lastZ of the following genomes individually to human: organutan, mouse, dog, and opossum. We will investigate these alignments to see if we can discover chromosomal rearrangements. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

19. Step 1: Create a Custom UCSC Track Go to the UCSC Genome Browser: http://genome.ucsc.edu/index.html Under the My Data Tab, click Create Custom Tracks: In the Paste URLs textbox paste the following and click submit: (no commas) chr13 58481798 58486558 On the next page, click Go to Genome Browser Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

20. Step 2A: Track Addition The track should look similar to what is below: ’ Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

21. Step 2B: Track Addition and Removal To get ‘Pairwise Alignments’ we need to turn a few tracks on and one track off. Specifically, we need to select: Primate Chain/Net Placental Chain/Net Vertebrate Chain/Net. Underneath the Comparative Genomics Tab, turn these tracks to dense. Additionally, set Conservation to hide and click refresh. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

22. Step 2C: Track Addition The resulting view should look like the figure below. There is one problem: our species of interest are not being displayed. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

23. Step 2D: Species Selection To select the correct species, go back to the Comparative Genomics Tab. Click on the Primate Chain/Net link. In the resulting window, set Chains to hide and make sure only Orangutan is selected. Click submit Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

24. Step 2E: Species Selection Continued Conduct Step 2D for the other two tracks: Placental Chain/Net Vertebrate Chain/Net Make sure your configuration resembles the screenshots below: Placental Chain/Net Vertebrate Chain/Net Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

25. Step 2F: Expand Tracks On the tracks for each species, Right Click and select Full. The resulting Genome Browser (after moving the tracks to the top) should look like the following: Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

26. Step 3: Whole Genome Alignment Analysis. Investigate the tracks for each species and answer the following questions. • Are the sequence counterparts co-linear with respect to human? If not, is their evidence of genomics rearrangements in this region? Which kind? • Can you infer when these rearrangements happened evolutionarily on the diagram to the right? Answers provided in separate pdf. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

27. Phylogeny Based Whole Genome Alignment In this exercise, we will utilize the UCSC Genome Browser to view a refined whole genome alignment of orangutan, mouse, dog, and opossum genomes to human. This alignment is produced by Multiz, a program that utilizes pairwise whole genome alignments of many species and, using a phylogenetic tree, improves the alignment. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

28. Step 1: Setup Multiz Visualization Go to the UCSC Genome Browser: http://genome.ucsc.edu/index.html Upload the following as a Custom Track and go to the genome browser, as in the previous exercise: (no commas) chr20 61733467 61733528 Under the Comparative Genomics tab in the genome browser, click on Conservation. Ensure the following settings are in place on the next 2 pages: Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

29. Step 1B: Setup Multiz Visualization Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

30. Step 1C: Setup Multiz Visualization Once your configuration resembles the last 2 figures, click submit Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

31. Step 2: Multiz Visualization Analysis After rearranging tracks, the genome browser should resemble the figure below: Investigate the tracks for each species and answer the following questions: • Is this region highly conserved in mammals? • Look closely at the Multiz track. Do you see anything strange in the human sequence compared to the other species? What could be the reason for this discrepancy? (Answers provided in separate pdf) Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

32. Intersection of Annotated Regulatory Regions in Human and Placental Mammals In this exercise, we will use Galaxy to intersect annotated regulatory regions in human with annotated regions in other placental mammals. We will then view the intersection in the UCSC genome browser Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

33. Step 1A: Place Regulatory Data in Galaxy Login to Galaxy : https://galaxy.illinois.edu/ Upload the sequence of predicted regulatory regions in h19 to Galaxy: classes/mayo/ma/PRe_Mod_hg19.bed Make sure to identify hg19 as your reference genome. Acquire all conserved regions in placental mammals from the UCSC Main Table Browser in Galaxy: Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

34. Step 1B: Place Regulatory Data in Galaxy Select Comparative Genomics for Group Select Mammal E1: phastConsElements45wayPlacental for table. Select Genome for region. Select Galaxyfor send output to. Click Get Output On the next screen, click Send Query to Galaxy. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

35. Step 2: Intersect Datasets Go to Operate on Genomic Intervals in Galaxy and select Interesect. Select the parameters below and click Execute. When finished, click display at UCSC in historypane. UCSC Results chr19 regulatory regions. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

36. Step 3: Predicted Modules Overlap with PAX5 Regulators Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment

37. Exploratory Exercise Pick a gene of interest. (VHL, CMYC, ETS1, TBP, USF2, GATA-1, …) Visualize the intersected intervals in the UCSC Genome Browser. See how this region correlates with results from ENCODE to assess their functional roles. We will come around to help. Jian Ma | Sequence Comparison and Genome Alignment