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Summary of Events

Summary of Events. Fossil Record. Fossils Most found in marine sedimentary rock Three requirements: 1) need hard parts, e.g., shell, bone, teeth, wood 2) remains escape destruction after death 3) remains buried rapidly – stop decomposition – minearlization process. Fossil Record. Fossils

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Summary of Events

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  1. Summary of Events

  2. Fossil Record Fossils • Most found in marine sedimentary rock • Three requirements: 1) need hard parts, e.g., shell, bone, teeth, wood 2) remains escape destruction after death 3) remains buried rapidly – stop decomposition – minearlization process

  3. Fossil Record Fossils • Preserved as: • Original soft parts = buried and preserved in permafrost, ice, saturated soils, amber… • Original hard parts = shell, teeth, bones, wood = resist weathering • Altered hard parts = mineralization

  4. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale (Mybp = million years before present) 1) Paleozoic Era Devonian Period (~408-360 Mybp) - early in period = vascular plants invade land - diversification of bony fishes - 1st amphibians & insects (move onto land)

  5. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 1) Paleozoic Era Carboniferous Period (~360-286 Mybp) • large forests of vascular plants • 1st seed plants • 1st reptiles (amniote egg) • late in period = 1st internal fertilization

  6. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 1) Paleozoic Era Permian Period (~286-248 Mybp) • appearance of subclass Synapsida - synapsids • Order Therapsida (therapsids) = mammal-like reptiles (mammalian grade of anatomical structure) • reptilian adaptive radiation

  7. Order

  8. Synapsid Reptiles Pelycosaur Therapsid

  9. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 1) Paleozoic Era Permian Period (~286-248 Mybp) • Mass extinction event – largest? • 90+% of marine species extinct • Causes? – glaciation, reduction in ocean volume, volcanoes • Expansion of terrestrial fauna • Pangea formation

  10. Geologic Time Scale

  11. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Triassic Period (~248-213 Mybp) “Dark Age of Mammals” • therapsids declining in numbers; nearly extinct by end of period • 1st dinosaurs • 1st mammals = descendants of remaining therapsids; small body size (<120 mm)

  12. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Triassic Period (~248-213 Mybp) • 1st birds • gymnosperms dominate landscape • land masses connected = supercontinent = Pangaea, start dividing late

  13. Continental Drift – based on plate tectonics i.e., continents floating on lithosphere via continually spreading ocean floor

  14. Carboniferous Triassic Devonian Permian Jurassic

  15. Biogeography

  16. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Jurassic Period (~213-144 Mybp) • Pangaea divides into Laurasia & Gondwanaland (N-S) • dinosaurs dominate land masses

  17. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Jurassic Period (~213-144 Mybp) • archaic mammals; 1st adaptive radiation in mammals (pantotheres, multituberculates, symmetrodonts, triconodonts) • adaptive radiation in birds

  18. Geologic Time Scale

  19. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period (~144-65 Mybp) • dinosaurs extinct by end of period • Early- (~135 Mybp) • N. America dominate by marsupials, multituberculates & early placentals • opossum-size mammals

  20. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period (~144-65 Mybp) • Early- (~135 Mybp) • angiosperms flourish (magnolias/tulip trees) • insectivore/frugivore dentition • coevolution of flowering plants & mammals (large attractive flowers)

  21. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period (~144-65 Mybp) • Early- (~135 Mybp) • trophic specializations & foraging strategies increasing in diversity

  22. Cretaceous Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period (~144-65 Mybp) • Mid- (~115-100 Mybp) • western N. Amer. linked to Asia • eastern N. Amer. drifting away from Europe • Africa & India separate from Gondwanaland

  23. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 2) Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period (~144-65 Mybp) • Mid- (~115-100 Mybp) • Condylarths (ungulate ancestors) & marsupials in "Euramerica"; also in the connected S. Amer. /Antarctica/Australia land mass • Stage set for major independent radiations of mammals during Paleocene

  24. CHANGES IN DIVERSITY

  25. Geologic Time Scale

  26. Cretaceous Tertiary

  27. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period (65-24 Mybp) • Paleocene Epoch (~65-54 Mybp) • major adaptive radiation of marsupials & placentals; also birds & pollinating insects • 1st primitive primates & carnivores

  28. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period (65-24 Mybp) • Paleocene Epoch (~65-54 Mybp) • marsupials move from S. Amer. through unglaciated Antarctica to Australia • marsupials restricted to S. Amer. & Aust. refugia when Antarctica is glaciated

  29. Mammalian Evolution Hyracotherium Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period (65-24 Mybp) • Eocene Epoch (~54-38 Mybp) • modern mammalian orders appear • further increase in mammalian diversity • angiosperm dominance increases Eohippus

  30. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period (65-24 Mybp) • Oligocene Epoch (~38-24 Mybp) • modern mammalian families appear • primitive horses, camels Mesohippus

  31. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period (65-24 Mybp) • Miocene Epoch (~24-5 Mybp) • modern mammalian subfamilies appear • further mammalian & angiosperm radiation • whales, apes, grazing mammals • spread of grasslands Merychippus

  32. Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Tertiary Period (65-24 Mybp) • Pliocene Epoch (~5-2 Mybp) • modern mammalian genera appear • apelike ancestors of humans appear • land bridge between N. Amer. & S. Amer. forms • large carnivores

  33. Geologic Time Scale

  34. Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Quaternary Period (~2 Mybp - present) • Pleistocene Epoch (~2 - 0.01 Mybp) • ice ages • humans appear • large mammal extinctions

  35. Ambelodon Pliocene & Pleistocene Teleoceras Synthetoceras Pliohippus Epigalus Amphicyon Agriotherium

  36. Camelops Megatherium Glyptodon

  37. Mammalian Evolution Overview of Geological Time Scale 3) Cenozoic Era Quaternary Period (~2 Mybp - present) • Recent Epoch (~0.01 Mybp - present) • historic time • green & industrial revolutions • rapid loss of biodiversity *Largest extinction event?

  38. Fires in South American tropical forests

  39. Biodiversity Hotspots

  40. Biodiversity Hotspots

  41. Biodiversity Hotspots

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