Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Review and Discussion

2. Invasions of Europe, 700–1000 More invaders Northmen: Norwegians, Swedes and Dane and Magyars.

3. The Early Middle Ages • Rome Disappears • Trade Slows • Towns Empty • Learning Ceases

4. Western Europe from 500 until 800 C.E. • Roman law • was replaced with laws practiced by Germanic peoples. • Economy • The economy was transformed as cities and urban areas declined. • use of currency as a medium of exchange became far less common. • Germanic decentralization • created a need for local self-sufficiency. • That need helped create the self-contained manor, with its corresponding political, economic, and social organization.

5. The Feudal System How it began….

6. How did Feudalism begin? • People joined together to work against common problems. • Problems included: • Foreign invaders (Vikings) • lack of currency • lack of trade • food shortages.

7. Within the Feudal system… • There were many smaller feudal states • Usually they were located around a castle (a Keep) or church. • Consisted of: • Farmers • Laborers • Craftsmen

8. The Feudal System Classes • As a self-sufficient state (meaning there was little trade with outsiders), a culture developed within the feudal states. • Four (4) main classes developed: • Lords/Ladies • Lesser Lords (vassals) • Knights • Serfs/Peasants

9. Feudal System • Need for protection and lack of central government created the feudal system • Under the feudal system, every person had obligations to a superior   • Every person had a duty to someone else.  

11. How Feudalism Works

12. The Lord and Lady • Were rulers of their small feudal state, and gave allegiance to the monarch. • Lived in a castle, which also served as a fortress for that feudal state. • Protected the serfs with their army of knights. • Arranged marriages, and male heirs were desired, since the estate went to the oldest son. • This was not necessarily easy, many children died before the age of 15 due to disease or accidents.

13. Lesser Lords (Vassals) • Lord divided his larger landholdings among Vassals • In return the Vassals pledged service to the Lord • Agreed to provide the lord with: • 40 days of military service each year • Money • Advice

14. Knights • Were members of the feudal army. • One job: Protect the state, and the lord and lady in charge of it. • They had many different weapons: • Mace • Morning Star • War Hammer • Battle Ax • Daggers • Lances (used more often in tournaments)

15. Serfs • Like the middle class here, serfs were the vast majority in the feudal states, but they were poorer. • They were not slaves, but were farmers who owed some of their production to the feudal state. • In return, they received protection from the knights.

16. Feudal Manor

17. Medieval Homes • Most medieval homes were cold, damp, and dark. • For security purposes, windows, when they were present, were very small openings with wooden shutters that were closed at night or in bad weather. • Many peasant families ate, slept, and spent time together in very small quarters, rarely more than one or two rooms.

18. Age of Charlemagne

19. Charles the Great

20. Charlemagne For a time around 800, Western Europe had unity when the grandson of Martel built an empire reaching across France, Germany, and part of Italy. • The founder is known as Charlemagne or Charles The Great. • Spent most of his time fighting Muslims.

21. Christmas Day 800 AD • Charlemagne unites most of the Old Roman Empire- • The Pope Leo III shows his gratitude and places a crown on Charlemagne’s head proclaiming him “Emperor” • This revives the idea of their being a “United Christian Community”

22. Charlemagne: 800 CEThe Father of Europe • Charlemagne tried to create a united Christian Europe. • Try to revived Latin learning in his empire and strived to create a “second Rome.” • Established a central government over Western Europe

24. Palace school • Though he didn’t know how to read or write… • He starts a Palace School at Aachen (the 2nd Rome) • Alcuin (AL KWIN) of York ran the school Hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts including the bible. • They learned Latin • Grammar Logic Arithmetic • Geometry Music Astronomy

25. Then Charlemagne Dies • His son Louis the Pious rules until his death and then the Empire is divided into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun (843). • Muslims claim the “Holy Land” and Mediterranean islands like Corsica and Sicily

27. Medieval Europe

28. But Who Invades From the North? • The Vikings- • Brutal • Ferocious • Would Rape, Destroy, Pillage, Burn, and Loot all villages they came in contact with. • They were not necessarily looking to stay, only to steal, and Map area’s for trade

29. Eventually • Vikings open Trade Routes that linked northern Europe to Mediterranean lands. • Viking Leif Erickson set up a short lived Viking Colony in North America around the year 1000. • Sorry Mr. Columbus, the Vikings were here first!!!

30. High Middle AgesAn Evolving Government

31. Timeline • Western Europe secured its borders against invaders and grew economically • 1076- Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV • 1096- Christians launch first crusade • 1215-King John signs the Magna Carta • 1226- Louis IX becomes King of France • 1347- Black Death breaks out in Italy • 1429- Joan of Arc leads French armies against the English • 1492- Spanish complete Reconquista

32. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church • King Edward Died- No Heir • William the Conqueror Christmas Day 1066 • Wants to tighten up control firmer for Church, Lords and Himself • Keeps track of all possessions and Property in “THE DOMESDAY BOOK” (Doomsday) • Which Castle you are ruled by • What crops are in your field • Every last pig • How many sons/daughters in a family

33. The Domesday Book • Is essentially a Tax System

34. Henry II • Creates a system of Royal Justice • Common Law- law same for “all” people • Jury- Group of men sworn to tell the truth • However there were still abuses of power and the tax system

35. The Magna Carta • Many Kings in England around the 10th - 12th centuries were abusing their power and highly taxing their nobles. • In 1215 King John angered his nobles so much that they forcibly made John sign a document called the Magna Carta (or Great Charter) • Contained two basic ideas that would shape English govt. • Nobles had certain rights (later this was extended to all citizens) • Made clear that the monarch must obey the law.

36. Modern Liberties Founded in the Magna Carta • Taxation only with representation • -no unusual taxes accept by agreement of people’s representatives • Right to trial • -trial to be proven guilty by peers • Limits to royal power • English subjects had certain liberties • power was shared between the king and the people’s representatives in the Great Council • Parliament developed into a 2 house body • House of Lords -nobles and clergy • House of Commons -knights and middle class

37. The Holy Roman Empire and the Church • After Charlemagne’s death Germany became a bunch of states with dukes and counts as their leaders. • One duke later became powerful and became leader of all of Germany.(Duke Otto I of Saxony) • Otto I worked closely with the church. • He helped the church and the pope by crushing rebellions against the church • In 962 a grateful pope crowned Otto Emperor • Other Germans became successors to the title Holy Roman Emperor • Holy- because they were crowned by the Pope • Roman- because they saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome

38. Conflicts between rulers and Emperors • Many German emperors tried to become more powerful than the pope. • This cause the pope to sometimes send an interdict- a whole community would be excommunicated from the church. • Many rulers gave into this pressure.

39. Medieval Universities • Called Cathedral Schools- Church buildings were used as schools during non-mass hours • Subjects • Arithmetic • Geometry • Astronomy • Music • Logic • Grammar • Life of a student- • 5 am Prayers • 6 am to 10am School • 10 am Beef and Oatmeal Soup • 11am-5pm school • 5pm- Schools out • Study until Bed

40. Logic vs Faith…The rivalry • Aristotle= Use Logic to find out the Truth • Church= Use Faith to find out the truth • Others found a way to merge the 2 together It is called “Scholasticism”

41. Byzantine Empire to 1000

42. How did the development of the Byzantine Empire differ from the development of western Europe? • The Byzantine Empire • was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule and tradition. • centralized control whereas western European institutions were decentralized. • The Byzantine emperors • exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme secular and religious power in one person Foreign threats • Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign invaders, especially the Iranian Sasanid Empire (4th to 7th century) and ultimately by Muslim expansion. • The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until Constantinople itself was captured.

43. Sum it up:Justinian’s Achievements • Recapture Roman Lands • Architecture • Hagia Sophia • Bridges • Civil Law Code: influenced civil law in the west Procopius: Secret History: Justinian

44. More Hagia Sophia

45. Byzantine Christianity • Byzantine emperor controlled Church affairs • People rejected pope’s claim to authority over all Christians • Clergy kept right to marry • Greek was language of the Church

46. Roman Christianity • Pope controlled Church affairs • People accepted pope’s claim to authority over all Christians • Clergy prohibited from marrying • Latin was language of the Church

47. Christianity in East and West • 1054 – Differences between east and west provoked a schism, or permanent split, between the Eastern (Greek) Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church.

48. Review the Reasons for Decline

49. Crusades, 1096–1204

50. The Crusades (1096-1099) • Muslims conquered the Holy land. (Jerusalem) • Pope Urban II called nobles to action against the Muslims: “ An accursed race… has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.” After he said this he called for a crusade or Holy war to take back the Holy land.