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European Heavy-Duty OBD Update

European Heavy-Duty OBD Update. GRPE, Geneva 29-30 May 2001 Dr Paul Greening European Commission. Political mandate. Directive 1999/96/EC requires that by end 2000, Commission must propose: heavy-duty vehicle durability; heavy-duty vehicle in-use conformity testing;

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European Heavy-Duty OBD Update

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  1. European Heavy-Duty OBDUpdate GRPE, Geneva 29-30 May 2001 Dr Paul Greening European Commission

  2. Political mandate • Directive 1999/96/EC requires that by end 2000, Commission must propose: • heavy-duty vehicle durability; • heavy-duty vehicle in-use conformity testing; • heavy-duty vehicle OBD. • and deal with issues regarding measurement of low PM mass for Euro 4.

  3. OBD scope - diesel engines • OBD monitoring of the engine plus any downstream emission control system: • applicable to new diesel engines from 1st October 2005 (Euro 4).

  4. OBD scope - diesel vehicles • OBD monitoring of the engine plus any downstream emission control system: • diagnostic interface between the ECU and other vehicle electronic systems that provide an input to or receive an output from the ECU; • applicable to new vehicles with diesel engines from 1st October 2008 (Euro 5).

  5. Mode Speed Load 1 idle - 2 A 100 3 B 50 4 B 75 5 A 50 6 A 75 7 A 25 8 B 100 9 B 25 10 C 100 11 C 25 12 C 75 13 C 50 European Steady Cycle (ESC) Load 100 8% 8% 9% 75 5% 10% 5% 5% 10% 5% 50 5% 10% 5% 25 15% 0 50 75 100 A C B idle Engine speed

  6. OBD demonstration test • OBD monitoring likely to be evaluated over the ESC test cycle. Why ? • ESC provides sufficient steady-state driving (4 min. idle mode, 2 min. per mode) to enable system monitoring to be demonstrated; • ESC modes may be too long; • ESC also has transient elements between modes (max. 20 sec. per mode change).

  7. European Transient Cycle (ETC) 110 95 n/s 100 90 T/Tmax(n) 90 85 80 80 70 75 ) in % /s 60 70 50 65 Normalized Engine Torque (T/Tmax(n)) in % 40 60 Normalized Engine Speed (n 30 55 20 50 10 45 0 40 -10 35 -20 30 -30 25 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Time in s

  8. OBD demonstration test • What about the ETC test ? • Supposed to represent ‘real’ European HDV driving; • ETC does offer some steady-state driving periods but the variation in engine load is probably too great; • Presently reviewing OBD monitoring capability over the ETC.

  9. Sensors • NOx sensors: • Siemens-NGK electro-chemical sensor is available for test purposes; • Light duty applications this year (0-500ppm range); NOx sensor for HDV applications mid- 2003 (0-1500ppm range); • Other manufacturer sensors at similar stage of development; • Cross-sensitivity to NH3.

  10. Sensors • NH3 sensors: • Necessary for SCR applications to monitor NH3 slip; • Few automotive developments so still far from production. • Particulate sensors: • Pressure drop over trap; • Sooting, ultrasound, laser-induced incandescence sensors under development.

  11. OBD monitoring functionality • Today, big problem is setting appropriate OBD threshold limits for monitoring deNOx and DPF; • sensor developments for application in 2005 (Euro 4) uncertain; • Durability needs to be defined; • For 2005 propose to monitor deNOx, DPF or combined deNOx-DPF only for major functional failure.

  12. OBD monitoring functionality • What is major functional failure of deNOx or DPF: • removal or replacement of systems; • lack of reagent for SCR; • electrical failure of SCR actuators; • breakdown of NOx trap; • breakdown of DF: • major melting of trap substrate; • clogged filter resulting in P out of range.

  13. Failure analysis • For type-approval, the manufacturer will have to declare the parameters used as a basis for major functional failure: • provide an analysis of potential failures in the emission control system; • detail effect of failures on emissions; • information remains confidential; • Directive 98/12 requires this for ABS.

  14. OBD monitoring thresholds • OBD ‘threshold limits’ will be applicable for diesel engines without after-treatment dealing with either the emission of NOx or particulate; • Major functional failure plus NOx and particulate threshold limits for 2005; • Only thresholds for 2008; • No need for diesel HC and CO thresholds.

  15. OBD monitoring thresholds • Threshold levels will be defined to: • be realistic for 2005; • be progressive for 2008, to push sensor development; • take account of the political process; • 2008 ‘threshold only’ concept should be reviewed by end of 2004 to assess progress in sensor development.

  16. General requirements • Similar in concept to light-duty vehicle OBD with defined minimum monitoring: • reduction in efficiency of deNOx; • functionality & integrity of DPF; • combined deNOx-DPF systems; • fuel injection equipment for functionality and continuity; • [lack of cylinder combustion]; • other emission-related components.

  17. General requirements • Activation and de-activation of malfunction indicator: • will include for lack of SCR reagent; • can be de-activated after 40 engine warm-up cycles or 100 engine running hours, whichever first; • If MI activated due to lack of reagent, MI may be switched back to previous state of activation after [urea] re-fill.

  18. General requirements • Provisions for unrestricted access for repair etc; • Provisions for deficiencies included, similar to light-duty EOBD: • Two deficiencies; • Allowed for two years (three years); • No deficiency if: • complete lack of diagnostic monitor; • OBD thresholds are exceeded.

  19. General requirements • Anti-tampering, like passenger cars, to cover, e.g: • manipulation of hardware, software, calibration parameters; • data modification; • addition of new devices that could affect OBD monitoring; • exemptions from requirements possible based on certain criteria.

  20. Temporary disablement • If fuel level below 20% capacity; • During the permitted functioning of an ‘auxiliary control device’ (2001/27/EC); • During exceptional control strategies such as limp-home or security/safety strategies; • When power-take off units are active; • During periodic regeneration of DPF or deNOx.

  21. Engine family • Take on-board the provisions of ISO 16185 to define: • general engine family concept; • OBD engine family concept.

  22. Small OBD families • Less than 500 units per year world-wide: • OBD required but monitoring of engine and after-treatment only with respect to major functional failure; • Less than 50 units per year world-wide: • OBD required but monitoring of engine and after-treatment only with respect to circuit continuity.

  23. Enforcement • Running hours since activation of malfunction indicator; • Reviewing the possible use of more than 1 freeze-frame as FI-FO buffer for an on-board fault history coupled with running hours/distance.

  24. Access to diagnostic data • Similar in concept to light-duty vehicle OBD; • through standard connector; • common connector for light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles? • Provisions to allow the use of an on-board diagnostic facility (in place of off-board scan tools) if it offers the same level of diagnostic access.

  25. HDV OBD - next steps • Commission proposal is due in June; • Further proposals will come later: • gas engine OBD; • OBD test cycle based on WHDC; • enhanced running time/fault code storage procedure as enhanced in-use conformity procedure; • replacement parts.

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