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Exploring Earth's Spheres, Forces of Change, and Water Cycle

Learn about the different spheres of Earth, the forces that shape its structure, and the cycle of water on our planet. Discover the importance of these processes and their impact on our planet.

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Exploring Earth's Spheres, Forces of Change, and Water Cycle

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  1. SECTION 1 Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Planet Earth NEXT

  2. SECTION 1 Our Solar System • Earth is part of a large physical system containing countless objects, all of which revolve around the sun. • Eight spheres, called planets, are the largest objects in the solar system. NEXT

  3. SECTION 1 NEXT

  4. SECTION 1 Earth is made of four spheres: • atmosphere, • hydrosphere • lithosphere • biosphere NEXT

  5. SECTION 1 Hydrosphere • includes the liquid and frozen surface water • Groundwater • water vapor in and around oceans, lakes, and rivers on Earth • 70% of earth’s surface NEXT

  6. SECTION 1 NEXT

  7. SECTION 1 Lithosphere • land or surface areas on Earth • including the continents, islands, and ocean basins • 30% of earth’s surface NEXT

  8. SECTION 1 NEXT

  9. SECTION 1 Atmosphere is the layer of gasses surrounding the earth: -protects Earth from radiation, space debris - 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen NEXT

  10. SECTION 1 NEXT

  11. SECTION 1 • Biosphere- the part of Earth that supports life for all: • People • Animals • Plants Contains atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere NEXT

  12. SECTION 1 NEXT

  13. SECTION 1 Oceanic Landforms • Continental shelf—sea floor from continent’s edge to deep ocean • Sea floor has ridges, valleys, canyons, plains, mountain ranges NEXT

  14. SECTION 1 NEXT

  15. Mt. Everest- 29, 028 ft SECTION 1 Dead Sea- 1,312 ft below sea level NEXT

  16. Chapter 2, Lesson 2Forces of Change World Geography

  17. Forces of Change Earth’s Structure • For millions of years, the surface of the Earth has been moving. • The Earth is composed of three layers— • core at Earth’s center • mantle layer of dense rock on the outer core • crust forming Earth’s surface.

  18. Earth’s Structure -Many scientists believe Earth was once a single land mass called Pangaea, but… -continental drift slowly spread the continents apart.

  19. Earth’s Structure -Plate tectonics describes the activities of continental drift and magma flow -referring to the physical processes that create and shape: - continents -islands -oceans -mountain ranges.

  20. Internal Forces of Change • Mountains are formed when Earth’s giant continental and oceanic plates collide.

  21. Internal Forces of Change • Moving plates sometimes cause Earth’s surface to buckle forming folds • moving plates form cracks called faults.

  22. Internal Forces of Change -Violent movements of Earth’s crust along fault lines are called earthquakes, which dramatically change the surface of the land and the floor of the ocean.

  23. Internal Forces of Change • Volcanoes are mountains formed by lava or magma that breaks Earth’s surface.

  24. External Forces of Change • Wind and water break down the Earth’s surface through weathering and erosion.

  25. External Forces of Change • Physical weathering happens when large masses of rock are broken down into smaller pieces.

  26. External Forces of Change • Glaciers are large bodies of ice that move across the Earth’s surface, changing the landscape as they flow.

  27. External Forces of Change • Soil building takes thousands of years of weathering, erosion, and biological activity • influenced by five factors: • climate, • topography, • geology, • biology, and • time.

  28. Chapter 2, Lesson 3Earth’s Water World Geography

  29. Earth's Water The Water Cycle • Almost all of the hydrosphere is saltwater found in oceans, seas, and some lakes.

  30. The Water Cycle • The amount of water on Earth never changes, but it is constantly moving through the processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

  31. The Water Cycle • Evaporation is when the sun's energy causes water to change into vapor or gas.

  32. The Water Cycle • Condensation is an excess of water vapor that changes into liquid water after warm air cools.

  33. The Water Cycle • Precipitation is the release of moisture through rain, snow, or sleet.

  34. Earth’s Water Bodies of Salt Water • Seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is water, primarily salt water.

  35. Bodies of Salt Water • Salt water cannot be used for drinking, farming, or manufacturing.

  36. Bodies of Salt Water • Due to a growing population and the need for more freshwater, some countries are focusing on the desalination process, which removes the salt from seawater.

  37. Bodies of Salt Water • Desalination is expensive and is also controversial; critics believe the process has negative environmental and economic impacts.

  38. Earth’s Water Bodies of Freshwater • More than two-thirds of the world’s scarce freshwater is frozen in glaciers.

  39. Bodies of Freshwater • Less than one-third of a percent of freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, and streams and their tributaries.

  40. Bodies of Freshwater • Aquifers and groundwater are important sources of freshwater found underground within the Earth.

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