II. The Living World

1. II. The Living World By Jessie McClure and Megan Garrett

2. Biological Populations and communities • Organisms occur in populations, communities, and ecosystems • A population is all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time • All of the populations in one area make up a biological community • An ecosystem consists of the biological community as well as the physical environment (biotic and abiotic factors)

3. Full spectrum

4. Vocabulary • Species • Population • Biological Community • Ecosystem • Producers • Productivity • Biomass • Detritivores • Food Chain • Food Web • Trophic Level • Consumer • Herbivores • Carnivores • Omnivores • Scavengers • Decomposer

5. Community Properties affect species and populations • Productivity is a measure of biological activity • Community Structure describes spatial distribution of organisms • Complexity is an important ecological indicator • Edges and boundaries affect communities

6. Ecological niche • An ecological niche is the functional role and position of a species or population within a community or ecosystem including what resources are used, how and when it used these resources as well as how it interacts with other populations.

7. Vocabulary • Primary Productivity • Abundance • Diversity • Complexity • Edge Effects • Random Distribution • Uniform Distribution • Clustered Distribution • Ecotones

8. Complexity Tropical rainforests are structurally and ecologically complex

9. Species Interactions • Competition leads to resource allocation • Predation affects species relationships • Certain Adaptations Help Avoid Predation • Symbiosis Involves Intimate Relations Among Species

10. Keystone Species The Otters protects kelp forests by eating urchins that would otherwise destroy the kelp

11. Vocabulary • Adaptation • Natural Selection • Selection Pressures • Tolerance Limits • Indicators • Habitat • Ecological Niche • Competitive Exclusion Principle • Resource Partitioning • Speciation • Geographic Isolation • Allopatric speciation • Sympatric Speciation • Binomials

12. Allopatric V. sympatric speciation Geographic barriers influence speciation

13. Biomes to Know Major Terrestrial • Tropical Forest • Tropical Savanna and Grassland • Deserts • Temperate Grasslands • Temperate Shrublands • Temperate Forests (Deciduous and Coniferous) • Boreal Forests • Tundra

14. Vocabulary • Biome • Vertical Zonation • Cloud Forests • Tropical Seasonal Forests • Grasslands • Savannas • Chaparral • Deciduous • Coniferous • Taiga

15. Boreal Forest/Taiga Characterized by conifers at high latitudes

16. Cloud Forest of costa rica Characterized by persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud cover

17. Biomes to Know Major Aquatic • Streams/ Rivers • Lakes/ Ponds • Wetlands • Estuaries • Coastal • Coral Reefs • Open Ocean

18. Vocabulary • Phytoplankton • Benthic • Pelagic • Coral Bleaching • Mangroves • Salt Marshes • Tide Pools • Barrier Islands • Thermocline • Swamps • Marshes • Bogs • Fens

19. Mangrove Characterized by trees that grow in salt water

20. Ocean zones Pelagic and benthic

21. Vocabulary • Chemosynthesis • Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll

22. Species Diversity • Evolution produces species diversity • Natural selection leads to evolution • All species live within limits • Speciation maintains species diversity • Evolution is still at work

23. Photosynthesis • Green plants get energy from the sun • Photosynthesis captures energy from the sun • Extremophiles live in severe condition • Process: • Occurs in organelles called chloroplast in plant cells • Begins with light dependent reactions that occur when the chloroplast is receiving light • Enzymes split water molecules and release O2 • 6H2O + 6CO2 + solar energy  C6 H12 O6 (sugar) + 6O2

24. Photosynthesis

25. Cellular Respiration A diagram of the process

26. Cellular Respiration • Respiration releases the energy gained during photosynthesis • The Process: • It involves splitting carbon and hydrogen atoms from the sugar molecule • They are then recombined with oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water • C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + released energy

27. Cellular respiration video Remember Two types/stages: Glycolysis: anaerobic, does not need oxygen Aerobic also called the Kreb’s cycle, requires oxygen Generates energy Crucial to decomposition • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2f7YwCtHcgk

28. Food chains and food webs Food chains are a linked feeding series Food webs are interconnected food chains

29. Ecological pyramids describe Trophic Levels Grass grows. Rabbit eats grass. Fox eats Rabbit. Wolf Eats Rabbit

30. Biodiversity

31. biodiversity • Two main factors give us biodiversity: Natural selection & Mutation (through sexual reproduction)

32. Galapagos Finches Natural Selection Explains why they have different beaks(based on different available food sources)

33. Natural selection • The organisms with preferable traits for their environment are the ones that evade predators longer and survive longer and live to produce offspring. • For example of the mice you see in the picture the lighter colored mice are better adapted to living on sand dunes where as the darker colored mice are more likely to survive on the darker soil nearby. • Article: • http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/08/mice-living-in-sand-hills-quickly-evolved-lighter-coloration/

34. Evolution • A theory that explains how random changes in genetic material & competition for scarce resources cause the species to change gradually over generations

35. Vocabulary • Intraspecific Competition • Interspecific Competition • Predator-Mediated Competition • Coevolution • Batesian Mimicry • Müllerian Mimicry • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

36. Range of Tolerance

37. Ecosystem services

38. Climate shifts • If gradual -> Natural selection -> favorable traits for new climate • If rapid -> mass die outs-> possible extinction Possible explanations for climate shifts: • Changes in the sun’s energy output • Shifts in the moon’s orbit, altering tides & circulation • Milankovitch cycles: slight variations in the earth’s tilt and orbit, explain extreme shifts • Volcanos releasing large amounts of ash and sulfur, causing temperatures to drop quickly

39. Species movement • Occurs when species migrate to a different climate because their original has become unsuitable • NPR recording on climate change & species movement • http://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=95603499&m=95606687

40. Communities Change over time • Communities develop in a sequence of stages • Ecological succession describes a history of community development • Appropriate disturbances can benefit communities • Introduced species can cause community change

41. Vocabulary • Climax Community • Primary Succession • Secondary Succession • Pioneer Species • Disturbance • Disturbance-Adapted Species

42. Primary Succession Begins bare of soil, ends with a community

43. Secondary Succession Resulting from a fire

44. Carbon Cycle Cartoon on the carbon cycle (strange but helpful)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3SZKJVKRxQ Teacher/lecture style: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV3rYB79lcU&feature=fvwrel

45. Nitrogen cycle • Video of cycle including sources • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BosHU4ARR9w&feature=related • Teacher/lecture style: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU17Q10GEE8&feature=relmfu

46. Phosphorus cycle • Videos: • in short: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKkC2JpjaGc • In detail/lecture style: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT3r2de8WqI

47. Sulfur cycle Animation: http://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/sulfur_cycle.html

48. The water Cycle

49. The Water cycle • Animated Water Cycle • (stop motion) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRWvovaHzkM&feature=related • Water Cycle Rap (surprisingly helpful for vocabulary) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=related

50. Vocabulary • Evaporation • Precipitation • Condensation • Sublimation • Assimliation • Nitrification • Denitrification • Abiotic • Biotic