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Corrections

Scope and costs Development of corrections Reform in the United States. Organization of corrections Issues in corrections Who is in prison?. Corrections. Corrections: Scope and Cost. Corrections includes: Incarceration Intermediate sanctions Probation Parole programs Costs of system.

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Corrections

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  1. Scope and costs Development of corrections Reform in the United States Organization of corrections Issues in corrections Who is in prison? Corrections

  2. Corrections: Scope and Cost • Corrections includes: • Incarceration • Intermediate sanctions • Probation • Parole programs Costs of system

  3. Early English Corrections • England – Gaols and Hulks • All inmates put together • No government responsibility for welfare of inmates

  4. Changes in Corrections Thinking • Enlightenment rethinking • John Howard – The State of Prisons in England and Wales (1777) • Howard’s ideas brought to United States

  5. Eras of Correction Medical Model (1930s-1960s) Colonial (1600s-1790s) Penitentiary (1790s-1860s) Community Model (1960s-1970s) Reformatory (1870s-1890s) Crime Control Model (1970s-2000) Progressive (1830s-1930s) Today

  6. Federal Prison System • Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the system. • Maintains institutions at 6 security levels. • Population contains more inmates convicted of white collar crime than state institutions. • Drug offenders make up about 60% of the incarcerated population. • Less than 7% have committed violent crimes.

  7. State Corrections Systems • Executive branch – but degree of centralization varies • Community corrections • Prisons

  8. Multiple, and sometimes conflicting missions of community corrections. • Punish offenders. • Protect the community. • Reduce crime. • Save money. • Prevent prison crowding.

  9. State Prison Organization Classification based on: Gender Age Security State Prison Dept. Female Male Juvenile Max Med Min Female Male

  10. State Institutions for Women • Only 6% of incarcerated population • 53 institutions for women and 29 coed

  11. Privatization: Prisons for Profit • Well established theory in state government • Comparison to public • Remaining issues

  12. Corrections Industry – Stock Performance WHC – Wackenhut Corrections CXW – Corrections Corporation of America SPX – S&P

  13. Jails: Local Correctional Facilities • 3,300 in United States • Locally administered • Function • Issues

  14. Incarceration Trends • From 98 per 100k in ’72 to 409 per 100k in ’95 • Higher than any other developed country • Explanations • Public opinion • Better policing • Tougher sentencing • Construction • War on drugs

  15. Who is in Prison? • Primarily young • Minorities • Recidivists • Increasing elderly population • Rise of HIV and AIDS Elderly prison population over time

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