The d ried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Datura stramonium , family Solanaceae. Active constituent

1. Stramonium الداتورة • The dried leaves with or without the • flowering tops of Daturastramonium, family Solanaceae. Active constituents : Alkaloids ( hyoscyamine, hyoscine & atropine). • Uses: • Antispasmodic & in preanesthetic medication to stop body secretions.

2. Ipecacuanhaعرق الذهب The dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelisipecacuanha,family Rubiaceae. Active constituent: Alkaloids: emetine, cephaeline and psychortine. Uses : - Expectorant and emetic. - Treatment of amoebic dysentery (emetine HCL injection). - Have anti tumor properties and selective inhibitor of HIV virus.

3. Clove • قرنفل • The dried flower buds ofSyzygium aromaticum • or Eugenia caryophyllusfamily Myrtaceae. • Active constituents: • - Essential oil ( eugenol , acetyl eugenol , isoeugenol). • - Sesquiterpenes. • - Hydrolysable tannin. • Uses: • - Aromatic Flavoring & antiseptic. • - Local anesthetic for toothache. • - Anticarcinogenic(sesquiterpenes). • - Preparation of vanillin (eugenol).

4. White squill بصل العنصل The dried sliced bulb of the white variety of Urgineamaritimaor U. indica, family Liliaceae. • Active constituents : - Mixture of glycosides: Scillaren A & B, urginin A & B. - Flavonoids. Uses: - Expectorant & emetic(mainly due to reflex action on the bronchioles). - Rapid cardiotonicaction ( short half life cardiac glycoside ).

5. Licoriceالعرقسوس Atropabelladonna نبات ست الحسن • The dried peeled or unpeeled roots and • Stolons of Glycyrrhizaglabra, family Leguminosae • Acive constituents • -Saponin glycoside (Glycyrrhizin). • -Flavonoid glycosides. • -Coumarins. • Uses: • - Expectorant, demulcent & anti-inflammatory. • - Treatment of gastric & duodenal ulcers. • - Used as sweetener and flavoring agent. The dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Atropa belladonna, Family: Solanaceae. Active constituents: alkaloids: (hysocyamine-scopolamine-belladonine-atropine) Uses :-mydriatic , antispasmodic(atropine). - sedative , CNS depressant(scopolamine). - CNS stimulant (hysocyamine& atropine)

6. Gingko leaf اوراق الجنكة The dried leaf of Ginkgo Biloba, family Ginkgoaceae. Active constituents : - Flavonoids. - Diterpenelactones ginkgolides A, B, C ,J and M and the sesquiterpene lactone bilobalide. uses : - symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate cerebrovascular insufficiency (disturbance in concentration ) and act as an anti-vertigo.

7. Calumbarootجذر كالومبا The dried sliced root of Jateorhizapalmata, family Menispermaceae. Active constituents : -Yellow crystalline alkaloids: Columbamine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine. - Bitter principles (furanoditerpenes): Columbin, palmarin, chasmanthinand more. Uses: - Bitter tonic and stomachic. - It is used specially for anorexia and flatulent dyspepsia.

8. Horse chestnut كستنة الحصان The dried seeds of Aesculushippocastanum, family Hippocastanaceae. Active constitute : - Saponin referred to as escin. - Flavones, caumarins & tannins . Uses : Treatment of peripheral vascular disorders such as varicose veins, haemorrhoids and leg ulcers. Anti-inflammatory.

9. Coffee beans حبـوب القهوة The seeds of Coffeaarabica, family Rubiaceae Active constituents: - Alkaloids: Caffeine , Theobromine and Theophylline. - Tannins , fats and sugars. Uses : - Stimulant drink , diuretic & analgesic. - Production of caffeine

10. Digitalis purpurea leaf ورقة الديجيتال الأرجواني The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea, family Scrophulariaceae. Active constituents: - Cardiac glycosides: purpurea glycoside A & B. - Saponins. - Flavonoids. Uses : - Congestive heart failure - Cardiac arrhythmia

11. Digitalis lanata leaf ورقة الديجيتال الصوفي The dried leaves of Digitalis lanata, family Scrophulariaceae. Active constituents: - Cardiac glycosides: lanatocides A , B, C & E - Flavonoids Uses : - Congestive heart failure - Cardiac arrhythmia

12. Thyme الزعتر • The dried aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris • and other Thymusspecies, family Labiatae. • Active constituents: • - Volatile oil ( thymol and carvacrol ). • - Flavonoids. • Uses :- • - Antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, carminative & antispasmodic. • - Antitussive and expectorant.

13. Coriander الكزبرة The dried nearly ripe fruit of Coriandrumsativum, family Apiaceae. Active constituents: - Volatile oil (linalool ). - Flavonoids - Fats and proteins Uses: - Used as a spice . - It has strong lipolytic activity . - Stomachic, spasmolytic and carminative.

14. Sage الميريميه • The dried whole or cut leaves of Salvia officinalis, family Labiatae. • Active constituents: • - Essential oil (α- & β- thujone, cineole and borneol). • - Flavonoids and estrogenic substances. • - Tannins • Uses: • - Antioxidant, antibiotic, antifungal, astringent and antispasmodic. • - Reduces perspiration. • - Alleviates some menopausal symptoms in women

15. Nutmeg جوزة الطيب • The dried kernels of the seeds of Myristica • fragrans, family Myristicaceae. • Active constituents : • - Volatile oil: pinene, sabinene, camphen, myristicin, safrol and eugenol. • - Coloring matter and a saponin • Uses: • - Flavoring , carminative and stomachia • -Topical anti-inflammatory • - Euphoric and hallucinogenic effect of high doses of nutmeg seems linked to the presence of myristicin.

16. Rosemary إكليل الجبل • The dried flowering tops of leafy • twigs of Rosmarinusofficinalis, • family Labiatae. • Active constituents: • - Volatile oil:(cineole, borneol, comphor and bornyl acetate). • - Flavonoids. • Uses : • -Perfumery industry, component of soap liniment & in aromatherapy.

17. Linseed (بذرة الكتان) The dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae. Active Constituents: - Fixed oil. - Mucilage and protein. - Lignans. - Cyanogeneticglycoside (linamarin). Uses: - Poultices and demulcent preparations. -The oil is used in liniments. - Linseed oil has antibacterial effect. - Linseed cake is a valuable cattle food.

18. Blackmustard • الخردل الأسود The dried ripe seeds of Brassicanigra, familyCruciferae. • Active constituents: - Sinigrin and myrosin & yield after maceration with water volatile oil (allyisothiocyanate). - Mucilage, Fixed oil & proteins. • Uses: • - Rubefacient and counterirritant (plasters). • - Reduction of the risk of cancers of • alimentary tract. • - Condiment.

19. Boldoleaf ورقة البولدو The dried leaves of Peumusboldus, family Monimiaceae. Active constituents: - Alkaloid (Boldine) - Volatile oils (linalool and cineole) - Glycoside(boldoglucin) - Tannic acid Uses: - Hepatic stimulant - Anti-hepatotoxic - Mild diuretic - Boldine has cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties

20. Nuxvomica الجوزالمقيء The dried seeds of Strychnosnux-vomica, family Loganiaceae. • Active constituents: • - Alkaloids ( strychnine and brucine). • - Lignin glycoside. • - Fixed oil. • Uses: • - As a respiratory stimulant in certain cases of poisoning. • - In large doses, it causes violent convulsions involving the respiratory muscles and death due to asphyxia.

21. Yarrow الأخيلية الألفية • The dried flowering tops of Achillea • millefolium, family Compositae. • Active Constituents : • - Essential oil (chamazulene, camphor & borneol). • - Sesquiterpenelactones. • - Flavonoids. • - Alkaloids. • : Uses • Treatment of various skin conditions and • digestive disorders.

22. Galls العفص Pathological outgrowth resulting from the deposition of the eggs of the insect Cynipsgallaetinctoriae, family Cynipidae on the twigs of Quercus infectoria family Fagaceae . Active constituents - Tannins yielding gallotannic acid. - Gallic acid, ellagic acid & sitosterol. - Starch. Uses : - In astringent ointments & to treat burns. - In the manufacture of permanent inks. - In dyeing. - In alkaloid poisoning.

23. Tea leaves أوراق الشاي The prepared leaves (black tea) & dried leaves (green tea) of Theasinensis, family Theaceae. Active constituents: - Alkaloids ( caffeine , theobromine , theophylline). - Flavonoids & catechins. - Polyphenols (in green tea). -Tannins & Volatile Oils Uses CNS stimulant , mild- diuretic, anti-oxidant & weak muscle relaxant.

24. Sesame السمسم The dried seeds of Sesamumindicum, Family Pedaliaceae. Active constituents: - Fixed oil (Glycerides of oleic & linoleic acids with small proportion of palmetic, stearic & arachidic acids). - Lignans ( phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity). Uses : - Phytoestrogens . - Antioxidant and anti- cancer properties. - Reduce levels of blood cholesterol.

25. Strophanthus seed بذورالأستروفانس The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe, S. hispidus, S. gratus, family Apocynaceae deprived of their awns . Active constituents: Strophanthuskombe & S.hispiduscontain cardiac glycosides known as k-strophanthoside, S. gratuscontain G-Strophanthin(Ouabain). Uses: Ouabainacts quickly, it has been used for emergency treatment in case of acute heart failure.

26. Atropa belladonna نبات ست الحسن The dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Atropabelladonna, Family Solanaceae. Active constituents: alkaloids:(hysocyamine, scopolamine, belladonine & atropine) Uses : -Mydriatic & antispasmodic (atropine). - Decreases the body secretions. - CNS stimulant (hysocyamine& atropine)

27. Calabar bean فولة كالابار The dried ripe seeds of Physostigma Venenosum, family Leguminosae. Active constituents: Alkaloid physostigmine(eserine). Uses: -A myotic drug. - It has a cholinergic effect and stimulates gland secretions.

28. Garlic الثوم The bulb of Alliumsativum, family Liliaceae. Active constituents: - Pungent volatile oil(sulpher-containing compound allicin). - Sulpher-containing amino acid alliin. Uses: It has hypolipidaemic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic, antithrombitic & anticancer effects.

29. Ephedra الافيدرا • The herb of various species of Ephedra, • family Ephedraceae. Active constituents: • - About 0.5-2% Alkaloids; ephedrine (30-40%) & pseudoephedrine. • - Flavonoids. • Uses: • - Relief of asthma & hay fever. • - Incorporated in some nasal sprays or drops for vasoconstrictive treatment of the acute congestion in rhinitis & sinusitis.

30. Hyoscyamus muticus السكران المصري • The dried leaves with or without the • flowering tops of Hyoscyamusmuticus, family Solanaceae. Active constituents : Alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine. • Uses: • - Antispasmodic, counteract griping effect of purgatives.

31. Cassia Chinese cinnamon القرفة • The dried bark of Cinnamomumcassia family Lauraceae. Active constituents : • -Volatile oil consisting of cinnamicaldehyde. • Condensed tannin & mucilage. • Uses: • Antispasmodic , carminative & flavoring agent.

32. Khat القات The fresh leaves of Catha edulis, Family:Celastraceae. Active constituents: -Khat contains more than 40 alkaloids which are phenylalkylamines ( cathinone, cathine , cathidine and eduline are the most important). Uses : - When the leaves are chewed, have a stimulatory effect with the alleviation of depression and of the sensations of hunger and fatigue. - Khatuse is officially forbidden in some countries as saudi Arabia and Sudan .

33. Rauwolfia الروالفيا (جذر الثعبان) • The dried root and rhizomes of Rauwolfia serpentina family Apocynaceae. • Active constituents: • Alkaloids (Reserpine , rescinnamine and ajmaline are the most important). • Uses : • -Management of essential hypertension. • - In certain neuropsychiatric . • Treatment of cardiac arrhythmia due to • ajmaline content.

34. Aloes الصبر • The dried juice obtained from the • cut leaves of certain Aloe species (e.g. Aloe vera), family Liliaceae. Active constituents : • - C-glycosides namely; barbaloin (aloin) and its isomer isobarbaloin (anthraquinone glycosides). • - Aloinoside A & B (O-glycosides of barbaloin). • Aloe-emodinaglycone. • - Alosin resin. • Uses: • - Purgative .

35. Capsicum الفلفل الأحمر)الشطه) • The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum annuumvar. minimum, family Solanaceae . Active constituents: • Pungent alkaloid ( capsaicine). • Fixed oil. • Fats & proteins. • - Vitamins A,C. • - Traces of volatile oil . • Uses : • - Counter-irritant in medicated plasters torelief • rheumatism and lumbago . • - Treatment of pain of rheumatoid arthritis.

36. Senna leaflets سنامكي • The dried leaflets of Cassia acutifoilaknown as Alexandrian senna or Cassia angustifoliaknown as Indian senna, Family Leguminoseae. • Active constituents : - Free anthraquinones and anthraquinone glycosides ( sennosides A, B, C & D ). • Naphthalene glycosides . • Mucilage. Uses: Act on the colon and stimulate its muscles (irritant laxative); - Small doses: laxative • Large doses: purgative • - Very large doses: cathartic

37. Sandalwood خشب الصندل • The dried heart wood of Santalum album, family Santalaceae. • Active constituents: • Volatile oil contains 90-97% of sesquiterpene alcohols • (α&β-santalol) with sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (α & β-santalene). • Uses : • - Excellent sedating agent. • Urinary disorders (diuretic and antiseptic). • - In perfumes.

38. White mustard الخردل الأبيض The dried ripe seeds of Brassicaalba, family Cruciferae Active constituents: - Crystalline thio-glycoside, sinalbin. - Fixed oil & protiens. Use: • -Rubefacient. • - Reduction in risk of cancers of alimentary tract. • - May be used in the form of infusion, poultice or footbath.

39. Lavenderflower زهرة الخزامى The dried flowers of Lavandulaofficinlalis, family Labiatae. Active constituents: Volatile oil consisting mainly of linalyl acetate, linalol and geraniol. Uses: Perfuming agent in manufacture of perfumes and cosmetic preparations.

40. Bearberry (Uvaursi) عنب الديب The dried leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, family Ericaceae. Active constituents: - Two phenolic glycosides: arbutin and methyl arbutin. -Ursone, tannins, ellagic acid and gallic acid and yellow coloring principle. Uses:Stimulant, diuretic and antiseptic of the urinary tract.

41. Chamomileالبابونج The dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita, family Compositae Active constituents: - Volatile oil contains sesquiterpene lactones (chamazulene, matricin, bisabolol and farnesene). - Apigenin flavonoid and coumarins.Uses: - Antispasmodic for digestive disorders. - Anti-inflammatory in skin preparations. - Has an ulcer-protective properties due to bisabolol.

42. Cinnamon Bark القرفة The dried shoot bark ofCinnamomum zeylanicum , familyLauraceae. Active constituents: -Volatile oil :(contains 55%-65% cinnamic aldehyde , 4-8% eugenol). - Tannin and mucilage. Uses: - Carminative. • - Antispasmodic • - Flavoring agent. • - The oil also is a powerful germicide

43. Ginseng Root الجينسنج The dried roots ofPanaxquinquefolius(American ginseng ) and P.ginseng (Asian ginsing), family Araliaceae. Active constituents: Saponins glycosides (Ginsenosides & Panaxosides) Uses: - Adaptogenic (antistress), Improve physical and mental performance . -Tonic, stimulant , diuretic and carminative - Improves immune system . Contraindicatedin case of hypertension and during pregnancy.

44. Catharanthus Herb عشب الوينكا • The dried whole plant of catharanthusroseus, • Family Apocynaceae. Active constituents : • Alkaloids (vinblastine & vincristine). • Uses: • -Vinblastine sulfate used for neoplasma & hodgkin’s disease. • -Vincristinesulphate used for treatment of acute lymphoid leukemia.

45. Jaborandi leaves الجبوراندي The dried leaflets of Pilocarpusmicrophyllus, Family Rutaceae. Active constituents: - alkaloids ; (pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilosine & isopilosine). - volatile oil (limonene,pinene& caryophylline) uses: - Pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic drug. - In ophthalmic practice , in treatment of glaucoma due to miotic action..

46. Marjoram البردقوش The dried leaves & flowering tops of Origanummajorana, family Labiatae . Volatile oil: (α-terpineol , sabinene hydrate , linalool) Active constituents: uses: - Used locally to relieve the symptoms of common cold . -To treat acute benign bronchial disease.

47. Basil Stramonium الداتورة الريحان • The dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil) • Ocimum minimum (Bush basil) family Lamiaceae. • Active constituents: • - Essential oil(eugenol, chavicol methyl ether, linalool) • - Caffeic acid derivatives & flavonoids. • Uses : • - The herb and oil have potent antioxidant, anticancer, • antiviral, and antimicrobial properties • - Used for treatment of stress, rheumatic arthritis • and skin diseases. • - Stimulant, diuretic & stomachic. • - The volatile oil is used in aromatherapy. • Thedried leaves with or without the flowering of tops of Dature stramonium family Solanaceae. Active constituents : Alkaloids ( hysocyamine_hyoscine_Atropine) • Uses: Antispasmodic , treatment for some serious psychological problems, and nervous system disorders (convulsions, epilepsy)

48. Fenugreek الحلبـــــــــة • The dried seeds of Trigonellafoenum- • graecum in Family Leguminosae. • Active constituent : • Alkaloids( trigonelline and choline) . • - fixed oil, protein and amino acid s. • Use : • -Antidiabeticand antilipidemic, anti-ulcer , anti-cancer. • - Demulcent , emollient and laxative .

49. Mentha النعناع • The dried leavesof Mentha piperitafamily Labiatae . Active constituents : - Volatile oil (menthol – menthyl acetate ). - Tannins. - Flavonids. • Uses: • - Antispasmodic, carminative & flavoring agent. - Diaphoretic & anti-emetic.

50. Star anise اليانسونالنجمي The dried fruits of Illiciumverumfamily Illiciaceae. Active constituents: - Essential oil, which is dominated by anethole (85 to 90%). The other components are phellandrene, safrole and terpineol& traces of cineole. Uses: - A digestive aid and to help cure colic in babies. -More recently, shikimic Acid, extracted from star anise, is one of the chief ingredients in the antiviral drugs used to treat influenza.