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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Revenue Recognition. Revenue Recognition. Revenue recognized when (1) realized or realizable and (2) earned Considerable difference by industry has led to considerable complexity and alternative recognition issues, primarily by industry

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Revenue Recognition

  2. Revenue Recognition • Revenue recognized when (1) realized or realizable and (2) earned • Considerable difference by industry has led to considerable complexity and alternative recognition issues, primarily by industry • Importance of SAB 101 (1999) on revenue recognition: usually recognize when delivery is made & collectability is assured

  3. When Could Revenue Be Recognized--Manufacturing? • When product is completed (finished goods) • When sale is recorded • When product is shipped • When title passes to customer • When product is received by customer & is accepted • When payment is made

  4. Other Revenue Transactions Revenue • Revenue from fees or services • Revenue from interest, rents & royalties • Gain or loss on sale of an asset Timing • When services performed and billable • As time passes • Date of sale

  5. Departures from the Sale Basis • Earlier recognition is appropriate if there is a high degree of certainty about the amount of revenue earned. • Delayedrecognition is appropriate if the • degree of uncertainty concerning the amount of revenue or costs is sufficiently high or • sale does not represent substantial completion of the earnings process.

  6. Revenue Recognition Alternatives

  7. Departures from the Sale Basis • FASB’s Concepts Statement No. 5, companies usually meet the two conditions for recognizing revenue by the time they deliver products or render services to customers. • Implementation problems, • Sales with buyback agreements • Sales when right of return exists • Trade loading and channel stuffing

  8. Sales with Buyback Agreements • When a repurchase agreement exists at a set price and this price covers all cost of the inventory plus related holding costs, the inventory and related liability remain on the seller’s books.* In other words, no sale. [SFAS No. 49]

  9. Sales When Right of Return Exists • Recognize revenue only if all six of the following conditions have been met. • The seller’s price to the buyer is substantially fixed or determinable at the date of sale. • The buyer has paid the seller, or the buyer is obligated to pay the seller, and the obligation is not contingent on resale of the product. • The buyer’s obligation to the seller would not be changed in the event of theft or physical destruction or damage of the product.

  10. Sales When Right of Return Exists • The buyer acquiring the product for resale has economic substance apart from that provided by the seller. • The seller does not have significant obligations for future performance to directly bring about resale of the product by the buyer. • The seller can reasonably estimate the amount of future returns.

  11. Trade Loading and Channel Stuffing • Trade loading is a crazy, uneconomic, insidious practice through which manufacturers—trying to show sales, profits, and market share they don’t actually have—induce their wholesale customers, known as the trade, to buy more product than they can promptly resell.” [Fortune]

  12. Long-term Construction Contracts: Revenue Recognition Before Delivery • Two Methods: • Percentage-of-Completion Method. • Rationale is that the buyer and seller have enforceable rights. • Completed-Contract Method.

  13. Percentage-of-Completion • Must use Percentage-of-Completion method when estimates of progress toward completion, revenues, and costs are reasonably dependable and all of the following conditions exist: • 1. The contract clearly specifies the enforceable rights regarding goods or services by the parties, the consideration to be exchanged, and the manner and terms of settlement. • 2. The buyer can be expected to satisfy all obligations. • 3. The contractor can be expected to perform under the contract.

  14. Completed-Contracts Method • Companies should use the Completed-Contract method when one of the following conditions applies when: • Company has primarily short-term contracts, or • Company cannot meet the conditions for using the percentage-of-completion method, or • There are inherent hazards in the contract beyond the normal, recurring business risks.

  15. Percentage-of-Completion • Most popular measure is the cost-to-cost basis. • The percentage that costs incurred bear to total estimated costs, can be applied to the total revenue or the estimated total gross profit on the contract.

  16. Percentage-of-Completion

  17. Percentage-of-Completion

  18. Percentage-of-Completion

  19. Percentage-of-Completion

  20. Completed Contracts Method • Companies recognize revenue and gross profit only at point of sale—that is, when the contract is completed. • Under this method, companies accumulate costs of long-term contracts in process, but they make no interim charges or credits to income statement accounts for revenues, costs, or gross profit.

  21. Losses on Long-term Contracts • Two Methods: • Loss in the Current Period on a Profitable Contract • Percentage-of-completion method only, the estimated cost increase requires a current-period adjustment of gross profit recognized in prior periods. • Loss on an Unprofitable Contract • Under both percentage-of-completion and completed-contract methods, the company must recognize in the current period the entire expected contract loss.

  22. Revenue Recognition Before Delivery • Disclosures in Financial Statements • Construction contractors should disclosure: • the method of recognizing revenue, • the basis used to classify assets and liabilities as current (length of the operating cycle), • the basis for recording inventory, • the effects of any revision of estimates, • the amount of backlog on uncompleted contracts, and • the details about receivables.

  23. Revenue Recognition Before Delivery • Completion-of-Production Basis • In certain cases companies recognize revenue at the completion of production even though no sale has been made. • Examples are: • precious metals or • agricultural products.

  24. Revenue Recognition After Delivery • When the collection of the sales price is not reasonably assured and revenue recognition is deferred. • Methods of deferring revenue: • Installment-sales method • Cost-recovery method • Deposit method

  25. Installment-Sales Method • Recognizes income in the periods of collection rather than in the period of sale. • Recognize both revenues and costs of sales in the period of sale, but defer gross profit to periods in which cash is collected. • Selling and administrative expenses are not deferred.

  26. Acceptability of the Installment-Sales Method • The profession concluded that except in special circumstances, “the installment method of recognizing revenue is not acceptable.” [APB Opinion 10] • The rationale: because the installment method does not recognize any income until cash is collected, it is not in accordance with the accrual concept.

  27. Cost-Recovery Method • Recognizes no profit until cash payments by the buyer exceed the cost of the merchandise sold. • APB Opinion No. 10 allows a seller to use the cost-recovery method to account for sales in which “there is no reasonable basis for estimating collectibility.” In addition, FASB Statements No. 45 (franchises) and No. 66 (real estate) require use of this method where a high degree of uncertainty exists related to the collection of receivables.

  28. Deposit Method • Seller reports the cash received from the buyer as a deposit on the contract and classifies it on the balance sheet as a liability. • The seller does not recognize revenue or income until the sale is complete.

  29. Revenue Recognition Concerns • Lack of information available in the annual report; what can be analyzed? • Conservative vs.. aggressive recognition policies—conservative recognition signals financial reality; aggressive, earnings magic • Importance of sales trends: are they changing or erratic (if so, why)? • Complex transactions: combined product sales & long-term service contracts; leases recorded as sales; installment sales problems • Shipping & handling issues: should these costs be part of revenues?

  30. Revenue Recognition Concerns (2) • Relationship of revenues with inventory & receivables (including bad debts reserve) [from Chapter 14] • A signal of earnings magic: sales rise, receivables go up much faster, while bad debts expense drops • Companies can increase sales temporarily by reducing credit standards, but long-term bad debts will increase • Companies can increase earnings by reducing bad debts reserve • Obsolete inventory problems, especially in some industries (e.g., high tech & fashion)

  31. Revenue Recognition Concerns (3) • Reporting out-of-period sales, a timing difference • Bill-&-hold: sales where delivery will occur in a later period • Channel stuffing: deep discounts used to increase end-of-period sales • Round-trip transactions: transactions with related parties • Back-pocket sales: fictitious (or real) sales used only if needed to make earnings targets

  32. Aggressive Revenue Recognition • Xerox: immediate recognition from leased contracts • Critical Path: back-pocket sales • Global Crossing: revenue recognition on exchanges of fiber optics capacity (a form of round-trip transactions) • Microsoft: reserve accounts used to reduce revenue recognized (overly conservative) • These were the ones caught & had to restate earnings

  33. Earnings Restatements (GAO Report)--Revenues • Earnings restatements (restating financial statements from earlier periods) have gone up since Sarbanes-Oxley—67% since 2002 • From 1997 to mid-2002, 845 companies restated; from mid-2002 to 2005 1,121 companies restated • From 1997-2002, revenue issues involved 37.9% of the restatements; from 2002-2005, this dropped to 20.1% (cost or expense issues was number 1) • Reasons for restatements included questionable revenues & improper revenue recognition; several round-trip transaction were cited

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