Introduction to aero navigation

1. Introduction to aero navigation

2. Air traffic control system • 1.Goal, objective and tasks discipline. • 2.Feather of professional activity air traffic control operators. • 3.Aero navigation system of Ukraine. • 4.Aeronautical services. • 5.Airways net and navigation aids. • 6.Signal searchlights. • 7.Role of radio communication for navigation. Instrumental flight. • 8.Controlled and uncontrolled air space. • 9.Airway communication stations. • 10.Civil radiolocation net. • 11.Data processing systems and computer indication control.

3. Introduction into aero navigation is base preparation phase of air traffic controllers Aim of the discipline • Mastering the discipline “Introduction in aero navigation” is aimed at training future safe engineers and air traffic controllers become familiar with a aero navigation as a applied science, and its parts, original base appeared modern aero navigation system and perspective of its develop according to nation specifications and international standards and requirements.

4. Tasks for learning the disciplineThe main task of the discipline is to familiarize students with basic terminology on their specialty. The tasks of mastering the discipline “Introduction in aero navigation” are learn the following: • origin and evolution of air traffic control systems; • scientific-technical base of radio locator creation ; • significance and place of automatic avoidance systems; • fundamental of a automation navigation system ; • features of satellite communication systems; • appear conception a global position navigation satellite system; • development prospect of Global Air traffic System; • fundamental of aero navigation information security.

5. Discipline status in the system of professional training • The discipline gives general representation about aero navigation system organization for students. It is the first vocational subject in career education system of air specialist. On the gaining knowledge base students must understand of aero navigation component parts and orientation in applied subjects which data provide and use aero navigation means and terms and have an idea of aero navigation. Teaching the discipline “Introduction in aero navigation” is the most important step towards practical use of the knowledge with the professional purposes. Prolific knowledge allows students easy search necessary information in ICAO, JAR guidance.

6. As a result of mastering the discipline a student shallknow: • history of aero navigation appear as a science; • role, place and interaction between sciences which necessary data provide; • component parts of aero navigation; • basic special terminology; • fundamental means and terms; • interaction between aircrew and air traffic controller during a flight; • procedure of aero information coverage. Learning outcomes: • orientation in applied sciences, which provide necessary air navigate data; • using aero navigation means and terms; • using ICAO and JAR guide

7. The evaluation of separate types of the educational work done by a student is carried out balls in accordance with a table. Grading Scale for Students’ Learning Outcomes Assessment

8. The evaluation of separate types of the educational work done by a student is carried out balls in accordance with a table. Grading Scale for Students’ Learning Outcomes Assessment

9. The Semester Module Grade and the Examination Grade together make up a Total Semester Grade whose correspondence to the National Scale and the ECTS Scale is shown in table

10. Military aviation Commercial aviation General-purpose aviation Aeronautical information service (AIS) Search and rescue system (SAR) Aviation meteorology system (MET) State authorities Aeronautical system (ANS) Airborne systems Human resources Air traffic system ANS infrastructure Airspace structure Communication Airspace management (ASM) Airport Facilities Air traffic control (ATC) Air traffic services (ATS) Air traffic management (ATM) Flight information service (FIS) Alerting notification Procedural control Radar control Navigation systems Surveillance Air traffic flow management (ATFM) CNS

11. Navigation • Answer the to the question “Where am I ?” • Navigation is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. • It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. The word navigate is derived from the Latin "navigate", which is the command "sail". More literally however, the word "Navi" in Sanskrit means ‘boat' and "Gathi" means 'direction'. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns

12. Air navigation involves successfully piloting an aircraft from place to place without getting lost, breaking the laws applying to aircraft, or endangering the safety of those on board or on the ground.Air navigation differs from the navigation of surface craft in several ways: Aircraft travel at relatively high speeds, leaving less time to calculate their position en route. Aircraft normally cannot stop in mid-air to ascertain their position at leisure. Aircraft are safety-limited by the amount of fuel they can carry; a surface vehicle can usually get lost, run out of fuel, then simply await rescue. There is no in-flight rescue for most aircraft. And collisions with obstructions are usually fatal. Therefore, constant awareness of position is critical for aircraft pilots.

13. The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under the visual flight rules (VFR) or the instrument flight rules (IFR). In the latter case, the pilot will navigate exclusively using instruments and radio navigation aids such as beacons, or as directed under radar control by air traffic control. In the VFR case, a pilot will largely navigate using dead reckoning combined with visual observations (known as pilotage), with reference to appropriate maps. This may besupplemented using radio navigation aids.

14. The birth of aviation (1903-1925) Wright Brothers First flight of the Wright Flyer I, December 17, 1903, Orville piloting, Wilbur running at wingtip.The first flight, by Orville, of 120 feet (37 m) in 12 seconds, at a speed of only 6.8 miles per hour (10.9 km/h) over the ground, was recorded in this famous photograph. The next two flights covered approximately 175 feet (53 m) and 200 feet (61 m), by Wilbur and Orville respectively. Their altitude was about 10 feet (3.0 m) above the ground.

15. The first person to fly as a passenger was Leon Delagrange, who rode with French pilot Henri Farman from a meadow outside of Paris in 1908. • In 1911 mail was send by air at first. • The first scheduled air service began in Florida on Jan. 1, 1914. • The first powered seaplane was invented in March 1910 by the French engineer Henri Fabre. Its name was Le Canard ('the duck'), and took off from the water on March 28, 1910. In October 1910, the Canard the aircraft pioneers Gabriel and Charles Voisin became the first seaplane to fly over the river Seine, and in March 1912, the first seaplane to be used militarily from a seaplane carrier, La Foudre ('the lightning'). • In 1919 it was made the first transatlantic flight • In 1921 pilot made the first overnight flight.

16. Charles Lindbergh • Slightly before 8 a.m. on May 21, 1927, Charles Lindbergh set out on an historic flight across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York to Paris. It was the first continent-to-continent non-stop solo flight in an airplane.

17. Air traffic rules • In 1919, the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN) was created to develop “General Rules for Air Traffic.” Its rules and procedures were applied in most countries where aircraft operated.  • The United States developed its own set of air traffic rules after passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926. This legislation authorized the Department of Commerce to “establish air traffic rules for the navigation, protection, and identification of aircraft, including rules as to safe altitudes of flight and rules for the prevention of collisions between vessels and aircraft.” The first rules were brief and basic.

18. Appearance of airways net and navigation aids • Growing of commercial aviation had incentive making fixed airway (ATS route) network and navigation aids in 1925-1935 • In 1927 experimental radio system (“ground” – “air”) was first installed, and in 1928 first seven radio stations were appeared at airway of airmail. In this year majority modern air routes were originated. • In 1930, the first radio-equipped control tower in the United States began operating at the Cleveland Municipal Airport.

19. Air Traffic Control: Keeping Track of Flights • Air traffic controllers are people who operate the air traffic control system to expedite and maintain a safe and orderly flow of air traffic and help prevent mid-air collisions. They apply separation rules to keep each aircraft apart from others in their area of responsibility and move all aircraft safely and efficiently through their assigned sector of airspace.

20. The early controllers stood on the field, waving flags to communicate with pilots. The ferst form of air traffic control was operabled but had much patent defects. As a rule a controler was standing at the end of runway. He could drew attention only a pilot who took -off but did not drew attention of a pilot executing land. Pilots hard choosed direction of approached landing. A controller could not transmiting different command informations separate every one and did not determined that orders were right understood by pilotes. This system was not utilized in a night or a bad weather. • Archie League was one of the system's first flagmen, beginning began working in 1929at the airfield in St. Louis, Missouri. • The first women were trained as controllers during the world war II.

21. The postwar years saw the beginning of a revolutionary development in ATC, the introduction of radar, a system that uses radio waves to detect distant objects. This new technology allowed controllers to “see” the position of aircraft tracked on video displays. • In 1946, the CAA unveiled an experimental radar-equipped tower for control of civil flights. By 1952, the agency had begun its first routine use of radar for approach and departure control. Four years later, it placed a large order for long-range radars for use in en route ATC

22. Instrument flying(fly-by-wire, blind flight)

25. Flight indicator or gyrohorizon( visually indicates attitude position of the aircraft to Earth’s horizon without visual contact)

26. Artifical horizin

27. Air traffic control tower