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Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular Disease. Chapter 15. Introduction. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. One American dies from CVD every 33 seconds Nearly half of all Americans will die from CVD CVD is the leading cause of death for both men and women

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Cardiovascular Disease

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  1. Cardiovascular Disease Chapter 15

  2. Introduction • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S. • One American dies from CVD every 33 seconds • Nearly half of all Americans will die from CVD • CVD is the leading cause of death for both men and women • 45% of all heart attacks occur in people under the age of 65 • Most of CVD risk is lifestyle-related

  3. The Cardiovascular System • Pulmonary circulation • Blood to and from the lungs. • Systemic circulation • Left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of the body.

  4. Cardiovascular System • Heart, blood vessels, hormones, enzymes and wastes. • Four chambers (size of a fist). • Upper chambers (Atriums). • Lower chambers (Ventricles). • Vena cava • Pulmonary Artery and Vein. • Aorta. • Coronary Arteries.

  5. Cardiovascular System • Systole and Diastole. • action of the heart is controlled by an electrical signal which originates in the right atrium. • Veins carry blood back to the heart. • Arteries carry blood away from the heart. • Capillaries

  6. Risk Factors • Major Risk factors • Contributing Risk Factors • Six Major Risk Factors that can be changed. • Tobacco use. • Physical inactivity. • Obesity • High blood pressure. • Diabetes • High levels of cholesterol. • LDL’s and HDL’s

  7. Tobacco Use • Smokers have 2-3 times higher risk of heart attack • Reduces HDL’s • CO displaces O2 • Causes platelets to become sticky and increases blood thickness

  8. High Blood Pressure • Too much pressure against arterial walls • Heart has to work harder, weakens, enlarges, arteries scar and harden

  9. High Blood Pressure • Tachycardias. • 100 or more beats per minute. • Compromises the ability of the heart to pump effectively. • Ventricles can not completely fill.

  10. Low Blood Pressure • Bradychardia • 60 or less beats per minute • Poor circulation of the blood • Lack of 02 throughout to body and brain

  11. Cholesterol • Clogs the arteries • Increased risk of CVD • LDL’s - less than 120 dl/mg • HDL’s - greater than 60 dl/mg • Total cholesterol should be below 200 dl/mg • Levels over 240 indicates high risk of CVD

  12. Physical Inactivity • Exercise reduces risk by: • Lowering LDL’s • Controlling Blood pressure • Increasing HDL’s • Maintaining weight • Helps prevent or controls Diabetes

  13. Other Contributing Factors • Obesity • More than 30% above recommended weight. • Increase strain on the heart. • Diabetes • Having doubles the risk of CVD.

  14. Body Weight • More than 30% • High cholesterol levels • High blood pressure • Excessive strain on the heart • Fat collected in the torso more dangerous

  15. Contributing Risk Factors That Can Be Changed • High Triglyceride Levels • Psychological factors • Chronic hostility and anger • Suppressing psychological disorders • Depression and anxiety • Social factors • Social isolation • Low socioeconomic status

  16. Elevated Triglycerides • Combines with LDL’s • Causes lowered HDL’s • Linked with Obesity • Linked with Diabetes • Reliable predictor of CVD • Best means of Reduction: Exercise weight loss, and dietary changes

  17. Factors Not Controllable • Heredity - CVD has genetic component; high cholesterol levels, blood clotting and obesity • Age - Over the age of 65 • Sex - Men have higher risk earlier in life • Ethnicity - African Americans have higher risk of hypertension; Hispanics greater risk of HBP and Angina; Asians Lower rates of CVD

  18. Possible Risk Factors Currently Being Studied • Homocysteine • Lipoprotein(a) • LDL Particle size. • Infectious agents • Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein • Fibriongen • Blood Viscosity and Iron • Uric Acid • Syndrome X

  19. Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease • Hypertension - may cause damage even before it is ever detected. • Atherosclerosis - narrowed by fatty deposits. Starts during childhood fat. • Heart Attack - Coronary thrombosis, coronary occlusion or myocardial infarction. Vessels in the heart become blocked. • Stroke - Impeded blood supply to a part of the brain. • Congestive Heart Failure - Blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing fluid retention in various body parts.

  20. Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease • Angina Pectoris - Chest pain; heart doesn’t get enough O2. (Kehr’s sign.). • Arrhythmia’s - Abnormal Heartbeat - Disruption of the electrical system - can lead to sudden death.

  21. Helping a Heart Attack Victim • Most die within 2 hours from time of first symptoms. • Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

  22. Detecting and Treating Heart Disease • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Angiogram • Balloon Angioplasty • Coronary Bypass Surgery

  23. Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) • Ischemic stroke • Thrombotic stroke clot forms in a cerebral artery • Embolic Stroke - wandering blood clot • Hemorrhagic stroke- blood vessel ruptures in the brain • Aneurysm

  24. The Effects of a Stroke • 600,000 Americans per year • One-third die within a year • Those who survive have some lasting disability.

  25. Stroke Warning Signs • Sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg or one side of the body • Loss of Speech or difficulty speaking • Dimming or loss of vision in one eye • Unexplained dizziness in relation to other symptoms

  26. Detecting and Treating Stroke • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) • Computed tomography (CT) • Rehabilitation • Physical therapy • Speech and Language therapy • Occupational therapy

  27. Congestive Heart Failure • Number of conditions • Pulmonary edema - Fluid accumulates in the lungs. • Heart can not maintain regular pumping rate; fluid backs up. • Controlled by: Reducing cardiac load, eliminating excess fluid, restriction of salt and drug therapy.

  28. Heart Disease in ChildrenCongenital Heart Disease • Most common are holes between the ventricles. • Congenital narrowing of the aorta. • Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy • Rheumatic Heart Disease - Streptococcal infections causes damage to the heart muscle and valves. • Strep throat needs to be treated, primary cause if not treated. • Heart Valve Disorders • Mitral valve prolapse

  29. Protecting Yourself Against CVD • Total Fats less than 30% • Low Saturated Fats • Increased Dietary Fiber • Moderation of Alcohol • No smoking • Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, folic acid, vitamin B-6 & B-12,soy protein, and total calories.

  30. Protecting Yourself • Moderate physical activity • Blood pressure monitored twice a year • Control Cholesterol levels • Effective means of controlling stress

  31. DASH • Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension • DASH DIET

  32. Thank You!

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