Bell Work

1. Bell Work • Complete Chapter 14 section 5 questions. • You will turn this in tomorrow. • You have 15 minutes!

2. Note taking tips • Don’t use “the” • L.A. – Latin American • N.A. – Native American • A.A. – African American • Gov’t – Government • Mtns. - Mountains

3. Latin American Independence

5. Ruling the Colonies • Spain & Portugal thought their Lat. Amer. colonies existed to increase their home countries’ wealth. • Mexico, Peru, and Brazil were known for: • Gold • Silver • Exotic woods • Mahogany • Ebony

6. Ruling the Colonies • Farming was another major source of colonial income: (CASH CROPS) • Corn • Sugar • Cocoa • African slaves worked the farms after Native Americans died from forced labor and diseases. • Spain and Portugal brought Catholicism.

7. Ruling the Colonies • Priests and monks converted many Native Amer. to Christianity. • The Catholic Church became wealthy • Over time, colonists resented: • trade restrictions • high taxes • rigid colonial social structure

8. Rigid Social Order • Peninsulares – Colonial leaders. • born in Spain or Portugal (top level of social order) • Creoles – Colonial-born elite. • controlled land and business in the colonies • Native Amer.’s, African Amer.’s, and mestizos– L.A.’s of mixed Native American and European ancestry • Bottom of the social pyramid

9. Social Pyramid

10. Growing Discontent • 1800s – L.A.’s began to challenge the rigid social order and controls w/ revolts. • Creoles played the largest leadership roles in these conflicts.

11. Uprising in Haiti • 1st successful uprising in the L.A. colonies was in Haiti. (French Colony) • On the island of Hispaniola • Their sugar and coffee plantations were owned by the French. • 560,000 people lived in Haiti in the late 1700s • Over 500,000 were enslaved

12. Uprising in Haiti • 1790s – African slaves led by a former slave named François Toussaint-Louverturerevolted. • Toussaint-Louverture – captured and imprisoned in France, where he died in 1803. • A wave of Yellow Fever helped the rebel army defeat the French. • 1804, Haiti proclaimed its independence!

13. Mexico Struggles for Freedom • Early uprisings against Spain occurred in Mexico. (New Spain) • 1810, a Catholic priest named Miguel Hidalgo led the fight against the Spanish gov’t. • 1811, he was captured and executed. • Another priest, José María Morelos, took charge after Hidalgo died.

14. Mexico Struggles for Freedom • Morelos’s forces were defeated in 1815. • Morelos was executed • 1821, a liberal revolt in Spain threatened to overthrow the monarchy and establish a constitution. • Fearing change, Mexican creoles declared independence from Spain under army officer Agustín de Iturbide.

15. Mexico Struggles for Freedom • 1823, Mexican people removed Iturbide and declared Mexico a republic. • Central Amer. provinces in New Spain also declared their independence. • 1830s, region was divided: • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua

16. Spanish South Amer. • 1808, Creoles in South Amer. pushed for independence. • Simón Bolívaraka “the Liberator” • led many colonies to independence. • After ~ 9 years of fighting, Bolívar crushed Spanish in northern South Amer. at the Battle of Boyacá in 1819

17. Spanish South Amer. • Bolívar’s forces won freedom for the present-day countries: • Venezuela • Colombia • Panama • Bolivia • Ecuador • Revolutionary leader, José de San Martín of Argentina, led L.A. armies over the Andes Mtns. and into Chile. • He joined Bernardo O’Higgins.

18. Spanish South Amer. • 1818, their forces achieved independence for Chile. • San Martín then left to free Peru in 1820 • 1822, San Martín withdrew from the revolt. • By 1826 Bolívar and his armies had liberated all of South Amer.

19. Brazil Gains Independence • 1808, Napoleon’s army invaded Portugal. • caused royal family to flee to Brazil. • King João transferred his monarchy to Brazil. • declared Rio de Janeiro capital of the Portuguese Empire. • Brazil moved toward independence w/ João’s reforms. • 1815, João made Brazil a self-governing kingdom w/in the Portuguese Empire.

20. Brazil Gains Independence • 1820, João returned to Portugal to fight the recolonization of Brazil. • left Brazil in the hands of his son, Dom Pedro. • Portuguese gov’t demanded Dom Pedro abandon rule and return to Portugal. • Dom Pedro defied Portuguese leaders. • Called for a constitutional convention

21. Brazil Gains Independence • 1822, Brazil won full independence from Portugal. • Dom Pedro was crowned Emperor Pedro Iof Brazil • Brazil – the only independent country in South Amer. to choose a constitutional monarchy as its gov’t. • 1825, Portugal finally recognized Brazil’s independence.

22. Common Problems • Challenges of unity: • High mountains • thick jungles • made transportation and communication difficult, hindering trade and economic growth. • L.A.’s did not know how to govern themselves.

23. Common Problems • L.A.’s had well-educated leaders, but had no legislative experience. • Catholicism – official religion. • Church and Gov’t closely tied. • The new countries also maintained separation between upper and lower classes.

24. Continuing Political Conflicts • Liberals called for: • separation of Church and state • the breakup of large estates • higher taxes on land • public social services • civilian control of the gov’t • Conservatives favored: • strong central gov’t • powerful Church and army.

25. Continuing Political Conflicts • In theory many South Amer. gov’ts were republics. • In reality many were military dictatorships. • Today, there is still a big gap between the ruling rich and the underprivileged poor in L.A.