USE OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN MINOR SPECIES IN LATINOAMERICA

Slide 1:USE OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN MINOR SPECIES IN LATINOAMERICA

Jorge O. Errecalde Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Science University of La Plata Argentina

Slide 2:Major and Minor Species

Major species: Cattle -Sheep?? Pigs Hens Turkeys Horses Dogs Cats

Slide 3:How to classify minor species?

Minor species serve man because of company, ornamental, illustrative or productive reasons. A classification should take into account these factors However, probably the public would understand better a zoological classification Follows an attempt of classification:

Slide 4:Zoological classification of minor species

Inferior animals Honey bees Earthworms Snails Aquatic animals -Fish (ornamental) -Prawns -Fish (production) -King prawns

Slide 10:Honey Bees

Diseases of economical importance Foulbrood American: Burning of hives, eventually oxytetracycline European: Management. Antibiotics: Not preventive. Light infection: Oxytetracicline, neomycin. Heavy infection: Incineration. 1 Gram oxytetracicline in 100 grams sugar, three times weekly per hive. Varroa Pyrethroids. Impregnated wood strips (1 strip every 5 frames), patties Coumaphos Amitraz. 70 mL of 1.25 % solution in smoker. 6 % in strips. Formic acid in 10 % strips or applicators. Rotenone, timol Nosemosis Fumagylin (Fugiprin �B� �fumagilin 2%) in patty or syrup (1 L per hive, three times at weekly intervals)

Slide 11:Snails

Diseases of snails: 1. Infections: Pseudomonas. Tetracyclins? 2. Nematode infections 3. Protozoa infections 4. Teatments: Calcium carbonate sprinkled to harden shells. Oxytetracycline salts sprinkled to control infections

Slide 12:Prawns

Infectious diseases common in intensive exploitaitions. Antimicrobials used: penicillin, amoxicillin, furazolidone, eritromycin, chloramphenicol, tiamphenicol, nalidixic acid, flumequine, trimetoprim, tetracyclins Protozoa: Acriflavin, copper sulphate Ectoparasites: Ivermectin, organophosphates. PROBLEM: Persistence of antimicrobials in sediment: Resistence.

Slide 13:Infectious diseases in SALMON

Slide 16:Amphibians and reptiles

Cayman Mycoplasmosis (Pneumonia, swollen joints), stress. Tetracycline injection Clamydiosis (C. Psitacci) Acute: Death Ocular: Blindness. In this case: Tetracyclines Salmonellosis: Enteritis, septicemia: Hygienic measures plus wide-spectrum antibiotics Non-specific septicemia: Antibacterials in early stages Coccidiosis: Fibrinous enteritis. Sulfas.

Slide 17:Amphibians and reptiles

Turtles and snakes Gram negative bacteria more common Carbenicilin: 200-400 mg/kg every 48 hours (animals at 25 degrees Celsius) Doxicyclin: 50 mg/kg every 72 hours (at 20 degrees Celsius) Amikacin: 5 mg/kg every 48 hours (at 30 degrees Celsius Enrofloxacin: 10 mg/kg every 24/48 hours (at 30 degrees Celsius) Metronidazol (anaerobes): 20 mg/kg every 48 hours

Slide 18:BirdsPigeons, canaries (Parasites)

Slide 19:BirdsPigeons, canaries (Virus and bacteria)

Slide 20:BIRDS

Rheas Enteritis: Antibiogram, probiotics, antimicrobials Rhino-tracheitis (Dust + Mycoplasma in feed-lots). Oxytetracycline Gastric verminosis: Levamisole, fenbendazole, avermectins Ectoparasites: Pyrethroids, amitraz, avermectins

Slide 21:Rodents

Rabbits Skin problems Mange: Acaricides or injectable ivermectin (400�g/kg) Ringworm: Iodines. Internal parasites: Injectable ivermectin. Respiratory system Rhinitis: Better environmental conditions. If not: Enrofloxacin. Contagious rhinitis: Enrofloxacin, oxytetracyclin. Reproductive system Mastitis: Enrofloxacin, oxytetracyclin, others. Metritis: Idem. Digestive system Enterotoxemia: In case of antibiotic use, antibiogram is required. Colibacilosis: In case of antibiotic use, antibiogram is required. Coccidiosis: As a preventive robenidin in food used with pre-slaughter withdrawal (similar to chickens). Therapeutic use: sulfonamides in drinking water.

Slide 23:South american camelids

South american mammal fauna is rich in bats and rodents but poor in large native herbivorous. That is why the �South Cone� of America is an excellent example of ecologically non saturated fauna. New world camelids are the most important native herbivores. Because of its ecological dominance, its contribution to man has been major in the past and currently (Franklin, 1982) Llama, alpaca, guanaco and vicu�a. Theory of evolution Quality of fiber Inca chiefs used vicu�a clothes whereas the normal citizens used guanaco fiber clothes The Incas exploited camelids very rationally With the arrival of Spain the exploitation became intensive and irrational Currently the exploitation of small familiar herds continues traditional and primitive uses Food requirements, rusticity

Slide 24:Requirements of the SENASA Argentina to register a new drug for minor species

Monography covering all aspects required by the MERCOSUR regulations Bibliography covering all aspects of safety and efficacy Experimental evidence on: Efficacy Withdrawal time Stability Innocuity

Slide 25:Conclusions

A few species should be prioritized There is a lot of widespread scientific material Registrations should be based in scientific material already existent plus safety data Extremely complex subject