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Community Interactions

Community Interactions. Community . All the populations that live together in a habitat Habitat is the type of place where individuals of a species typically live Type of habitat shapes a community’s structure. Factors Shaping Community Structure. Climate and topography

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Community Interactions

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  1. Community Interactions

  2. Community • All the populations that live together in a habitat • Habitat is the type of place where individuals of a species typically live • Type of habitat shapes a community’s structure

  3. Factors Shaping Community Structure • Climate and topography • Available foods and resources • Adaptations of species in community • Species interactions • Arrival and disappearance of species • Physical disturbances

  4. Niche Sum of activities and relationships in which a species engages to secure and use resources necessary for survival and reproduction

  5. Species Interactions • Most interactions are neutral; have no effect on either species • Commensalism helps one species and has no effect on the other • Mutualism helps both species

  6. Species Interactions • Interspecific competition has a negative effect on both species • Predation and parasitism both benefit one species at a cost to another

  7. Symbiosis • Living together for at least some part of the life cycle • Commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism are forms of symbiosis

  8. Mutualism • Both species benefit • Many examples in nature • Some mutualisms are obligatory; partners depend upon each other

  9. Yucca and Yucca Moth • Example of an obligatory mutualism • Each species of yucca is pollinated only by one species of moth • Moth larvae can grow only in that one species of yucca

  10. Mycorrhizae • Obligatory mutualism between fungus and plant root • Fungus supplies mineral ions to root • Root supplies sugars to fungus

  11. Improved water and mineral uptake in mycorrhizal plants.

  12. Commensalism • One species benefits other is not harmed • Many examples in nature

  13. Predation • Predators are animals that feed on other living organisms • Predators are free-living; they do not take up residence on their prey

  14. Prey Defenses • Camouflage • Warning coloration • Mimicry • Moment-of-truth defenses

  15. Predator Responses • Any adaptation that protects prey may select for predators that can overcome that adaptation • Prey adaptations include stealth, camouflage, and ways to avoid chemical repellents

  16. Parasitism • Parasites drain nutrients from their hosts and live on or in their bodies • Natural selection favors parasites that do not kill their host too quickly

  17. Types of Parasites • Microparasites • Macroparasites • Social parasites • Parasitoids

  18. Hog Sphinx Moth caterpillar, seen here on Smartweed, has been parasitized by Cotesia congregata, a braconid that lays its eggs in the caterpillar

  19. Cobweb Spider (plus Ichneumonid wasp parasite)

  20. Balanophora fungosaproduces no chlorophyll so it is unable to manufacture its own food from sunlight so it lives parasitically on the roots of certain plants.

  21. Immature Spined Assassin bug with what looks like tachinid egg parasites.

  22. Hyalophora cecropia caterpillar

  23. Immature Spined Assassin bug with what looks like tachinid egg parasites.

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