English Morphology and Lexicology

1. English Morphology and Lexicology Shao Guangqing shaoguangqing@gmail.com www.windofspring.weebly.com

2. What is morphology? • Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words.

3. From observations to theory • Some words can be divided into parts which still have meaning. • play • replay • unable • playing • boldest • carelessness • the morphemes play replay=re + play unable=un + able playing=play + ing boldest=bold + est carelessness=care + less + ness

4. Many words have meaning by themselves; but some words have meaning only when used with other words. From observations to theory • boy • food • door • car • at/in/on… • -ed/-ing/-s/-es • -est/-er Grammatical morphemes Lexical morphemes

5. Some of the parts into which words can be divided can stand alone as words; but others cannot. From observations to theory • boy • food • door • at/in/on • -ed/-ing/-s/-es • -est/-er Bound morphemes Free morphemes

6. Those word-parts that can occur only in combination must be combined in the correct way. From observations to theory • -s/-es/-er/-est • -ing/-ed • Inflectional morphemes • un-/in-/im- • -ly/-ment/-ful/-less • Derivational morphemes

7. Language create new words systematically. This is called the process of word-formation. From observations to theory • un + able=unable • work +er=worker • Derivation • bedroom • put-down • outside • Compound

8. Morphemes • A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less constant meaning and more or less constant form. • buyers =buy + er + s • evidence? • Each can occur in other combinations of morphemes without changing its meaning. • buy: buying; buys • -er: seller; fisher; buyer • -s: boys; girls; dogs

9. Morphemes • Morphemes can vary in size: neither the number of syllables nor the length of a word can indicate what is a morpheme and what isn’t. • For example, Albatross is a long word but a single morpheme; • -y (as in dreamy) is also a single morpheme.

10. Morphemes • Linguists have viewed morphemes as made up of combinations of semantic features. • For example, we can analyze a word like girls in terms of both its morphological and its semantic structure: • Morphological: girls = {girl} + {s} • Semantic: {girl} = [-adult; -male; +human, ...] + {s} = {PLU} = [plural]

11. Morphemes • Two different morphemes may be pronounced (and even sometimes spelled) the same way. • V+-er: buyer • the agentive morpheme {AG} since it indicates the agent of an action • Adj.+-er: shorter • the comparative morpheme {COMP} since it indicates the comparative degree of an adjective

12. Morphemes • We can’t always hold to the definition of a morpheme as having unchanging form. • boys: {boy} + {-s}={boy} + {PLR} • boxes: {box} + {-es}= {box} + {PLR} • men: {man} + {PLU} walked: {walk} + {-ed}= {walk} + {PAST} went: {go} + {PAST}

13. Morphemes • Sometimes it is very difficult to identify morpheme boundaries. • For example, the word hamburger originally meant {Hamburg} = ‘a city in Germany’ + {er} =‘originating from.’ • But probably most people now understand the word as meaning {ham} = ‘ham’ + {burger} = ‘hot patty served on a round bun.’

14. Summary: Morpheme • A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria: • It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning; • It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts; • It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.

15. Practice: how many morphemes does each of the following word contain? • 1. play ____ • 2. replay ____ • 3. date ____ • 4. antedate ____ • 5. weak ____ • 6. weaken ____ • 7. man ____ • 8. manly ____ • 9. miniskirt ____ • 10. cheaper ____

16. Practice: write the meaning of the underlined morphemes • 1. antedate ____________________ • 2. replay ______________________ • 3. manly ______________________ • 4. keeper ______________________ • 5. unable ______________________ • 6. rainy _______________________ • 7. inactive _____________________ • 8. malfunction __________________ before again -like, having the attributes of one who… not inclined to not badly

17. Morphemes

18. Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes • Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by themselves (more accurately, they have sense). • Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are typical lexical morphemes. • Grammatical morphemes specify a relationship between other morphemes. • Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the}, {but}) are grammatical morphemes.

19. Free and Bound Morphemes • Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical morphemes ({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}). • Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word. They may be lexical morphemes (such as {-clude} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).

20. Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

21. Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

22. Inflectional Affixes • -s in boys • {PLU}=plural • -’s in boy’s • {POSS}=possessive • -er in older • {COMP}=comparative • -est in oldest • {SUP}=superlative boys={boy}+{PLU} boy’s= {boy}+{POSS} older= {old}+{COMP} oldest= {old}+{SUP}

23. Inflectional Affixes • -s in walks • {PRES}=present • -ed in walked • {PAST}=past • -en in driven • {PAST PART}=past participle • -ing in driving • {PRES PART}=present participle walks= {walk}+{PRES} walked= {walk}+{PAST} driven= {drive}+{PAST PART} driving= {drive}+{PRES PART}

24. Inflectional Affixes • Irregular forms • sheep • {sheep}+{PLU} • better • {good}+{COMP} • best • {good}+{SUP} • drove • {drive}+{PAST}

25. Inflected form: Present tense • {root}+{PRES} • John loves Mary. • ={love}+{PRES}= {love}+{-s} • I love Mary. • ={love}+{PRES}= {love}+{∅}

26. Inflected form: Past tense • {root}+{PAST} • John walked. • ={walk}+{PAST}= {walk}+{-ed} • I drove. • ={drive}+{PAST}

27. summary: features of inflectional suffixes • 1. They do not change the part of speech. • Eg: boy, boys (nouns) cough, coughed (verbs) cold, colder (adjectives) • 2. They come last in a word. • Eg: shortened, girls, coldest

28. summary: features of inflectional suffixes • 3. They go with all stems of a given part of speech. • Eg: He eats, drinks, dreams, entertains… the quickest, slowest, coldest, … • 4. They do not pile up; only one ends a word. • Eg: flakes, working, higher, written *workinged carelessness (derivational suffix) • Exception: the students’ worries students’ ={root}+{PLU}+{POSS}

29. Derivational Affixes • derivational suffixes: • {ize} attaches to a noun and turns it into a verb: rubberize • {ize} also attaches to an adjective and turns it into a verb: normalize • {ful} attaches to a noun and turns it into an adjective: playful, helpful • {ly} attaches to an adjective and turns it into an adverb: grandly, proudly • A different {ly} attaches to a noun and changes it into an adjective: manly, friendly

30. Features of derivational suffixes • 1. A derivational suffixe usually changes the part of speech of the word to which it is added. • 2. Derivational suffixes usually do not close a word; that is, after a derivational suffix one can sometimes add another derivational suffix and can frequently add an inflectional suffix. • care + ful + ness=carefulness • fertilize + er + s=fertilizers

31. Derivational Affixes • derivational prefixes • {un-}, {dis-}, {a-}, {anti-}, all of which indicate some kind of negation: unhappy, dislike, atypical, anti-aircraft. • {pre-} indicates the meaning of “before”: predict, pre-election… • {post-} indicates the meaning of “after”: postpone, post-graduation, postwar • www.windofspring.weebly.com for more

32. Word formation • 1. derivation • replay; disagree; movement; careful… • 2. category extension • chair (noun) chair (verb) • 3. compound • class+room=classroom; break+fast=breakfast • 4. root creation (invention) • Kodak; nylon; quark…

33. Word formation • 5. clipped form (clipping) • laboratory-lab; dormitory-dorm; gymnasium-gym; professor-prof; examination-exam • 6. blend • smoke+fog=smog; gasoline+alcohol=gasohol • stagnation+inflation=stagflation • 7. acronym • National Aeronautics and Space Administration-NASA • North Atlantic Treaty Organization-NATO

34. Word formation • 8. proper name • Hamburg- hamburger • 9. folk etymology • A foreign word is assimilated to native forms. cucuracha (Spanish)-cockroach (English) • 10. back formation • burglar-burgle; beggar-beg; editor-edit

35. Practice: clipping • Give the original words from which these clipped words were formed. • math __________ mike __________ • psych _________ disco __________ • taxi __________ memo __________ • bus __________ pike ___________ • flu ___________ fridge ___________ microphone mathematics psychology discotheque taxicab memorandum omnibus turnpike refrigerator influenza

36. Practice: acronym • Give the originals of the following acronyms • radar • UNESCO • OPEC • OK Radio Detection and Ranging United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries oll korrect

37. Practice: blending • Give the originals of these blends • simulcast • telecast • Give the blends that result from these words • transfer+resistor • automobile+omnibus • escalade+elevator simultaneous broadcast television broadcast transistor autobus escalator

38. Practice: back-formation • Write the words from which they are back-formed. • housekeep • typewrite • baby-sit • peddle • televise • greed

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