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AMINO ACIDS

AMINO ACIDS. Nonpolar Polar Charged. Carboxylic acid. Amine. Amide. Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids joined by peptide linkages. Primary (1 º) Structure. SECONDARY (2 º) STRUCTURE. -Helix. MYOGLOBIN. -Sheet. Secondary (2 º) Structure results from

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AMINO ACIDS

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  1. AMINO ACIDS

  2. Nonpolar • Polar • Charged

  3. Carboxylic acid Amine Amide

  4. Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids joined by peptide linkages

  5. Primary (1º) Structure

  6. SECONDARY (2º) STRUCTURE • -Helix

  7. MYOGLOBIN

  8. -Sheet

  9. Secondary (2º) Structure results from hydrogen bonding between along the backbone

  10. 3-D PROTEIN MODELS

  11. TERTIARY (3º) STRUCTURE • Overall 3-D shape of the protein • Determined by interactions between side chains • Hydrogen bonding • Hydrophobic interactions • Ionic interactions • Disulfide bonds

  12. Hydrogen Bonding • Polar side chains -OH -NH2 - NH2 -SH

  13. HYDROPHOBIC INTERACTIONS • Nonpolar side chains

  14. IONIC INTERACTIONS • Charged side chains

  15. DISULFIDE BONDS • Cysteine residues

  16. Hormone released by pituitary gland that causes uterine contractions. Insulin

  17. CH2-S-S-CH2 -helix in keratin -helix in keratin s s s s s s s s s s s s Reducing Agent Oxidizing Agent

  18. Ionic interaction

  19. 3º Structure 2º Structure 1º Structure

  20. QUATERNARY (4º) STRUCTURE • The arrangement of subunits to form a larger protein. Hemoglobin

  21. Transport Structural Storage Hormones Receptor Contractile Defensive PROTEIN FUNCTIONS

  22. DENATURATIOIN Native state Denatured state

  23. Heat Acids/bases • Organic solvents • Detergents

  24. leucine proline

  25. ALZHEIMERS • Alois Alzheimer first reported symptoms in 1906 • The two principal changes • Plaques - deposits of protein called beta amyloid. • neurofibrillary tangles- malformations of the protein tau within nerve cells.

  26. Plaques - amyloid precursor protein (APP)—Protein that is normally an essential component of the brain. Plaques are made when an enzyme snips APP apart at a specific place and then leaves the fragments--beta amyloid--in brain tissue where they come together in the spaces between neurons and form abnormal deposits.

  27. Neurofibrillary Tangles - Tangles are twisted fibers inside the neurons caused by changes in a protein called tau

  28. Plaques and tangles block the normal transport of the electrical messages between the neurons that enable us to think, remember, talk and move. As AD progresses, nerve cells die, the brain shrinks, and the ability to function deteriorates.

  29. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA SICKLE CELL NORMAL

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