1972-1979

1. CHAPTER 27 Reconsidering National Priorities 1972-1979 CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “In a nation that was proud of hard work, strong families, close knit communities, and our faith in God, too many of us now tend to worship self-indulgence and consumption.” President Jimmy Carter, 1979

3. TIMELINE 1972 February: Nixon announces visit to China May: Détente initiated during summit meeting June: Watergate break-in Nixon wins reelection Nike shoes founded Ms. Magazine published Title IX of the Educational Amendments 1973 The Ervin Committee hearings October: OPEC’s boycott begins The War Powers Act Roe v. Wade Billie Jean King vs. Bobby Riggs

4. TIMELINE 1974 August: Nixon resigns Jackson-Vanik Amendment 1975 April: Saigon falls to NLF and North Vietnamese Hudson River found to be riddled with PCBs 1976 All the President’s Men Jimmy Carter elected President 1977 Panama Canal Treaty signed Trans-Atlantic Pipeline completed 1978 Love Canal sealed off The China Syndrome 1979 March: Camp David Accords signed

5. RECONSIDERING NATIONAL PRIORITIES Overview • Twin Shocks: Détente and Watergate • Discovering the Limits of the U.S. Economy • Reshuffling Politics • Diffusing the Women’s Movement

6. TWIN SHOCKS: DÉTENTE AND WATERGATE • Triangular Diplomacy • Scandal in the White House • The Nation After Watergate

7. Triangular Diplomacy • The Triangle: U.S., Russia, and China • Realpoltik: a pragmatic approach to other powers’ security needs,, and collaboration with those powers on issues of common concern. • Nixon first U.S. President to visit China (1972) • Initiates détente with Soviets

8. Scandal in the White House • June 17, 1972: Nixon’s reelection campaign broke into Democratic National Committee Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel • Cover-up at White House ensued • Secrecy and wire-tapping • Publication of the Pentagon Papers in 1971 • Investigative reporting by Woodward and Bernstein • Senate Watergate hearings and the tapes • August 9, 1974: Nixon resigned

9. The Nation After Watergate • The Watergate shadow • Percentage of voters decreased • Mistrust of politicians and politics • Questions on the balance of powers • Vice President Gerald Ford assumed office and granted a full pardon to Nixon

10. DISCOVERING THE LIMITS OF THE U.S. ECONOMY • The End of the Long Boom • The Oil Embargo • The Environmental Movement

11. The End of the Long Boom • “Stagflation” • War spending • Wages drop • Unemployment rise • More citizens living in poverty • Gap between rich and poor widens • Drop in productivity • U.S. corporations moved jobs to Mexico • Maquiladoras • Anti-immigrant sentiments

12. The Oil Embargo • Israel seized control of the West Bank and Gaza Strip • 6 years later, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur • Kissinger diplomacy brought ceasefire and Arab resentment of U.S.-Israel ties • October, 1973: OPEC began embargo on selling oil to the U.S. or western European nations that supported Israel in the war

13. Imported Petroleum as Share of U.S. Consumption

14. The Environmental Movement • Sierra Club, National Wildlife Federation and Audubon Society increased membership • Capitalistic growth with finite resources • Acid rain, smog, rainforest destruction, oil spills, nuclear waste disposal, species extinction, ozone depletion, global warming, toxic chemicals • Cigarette smoking declined, organic foods, popularity of running, recycling, DDT banned, reduction on national speed limit to 55mph

15. RESHUFFLING POLITICS • Congressional Power Reasserted • “I Will Never Lie to You” • Rise of a Peacemaker • The War on Waste

16. Congressional Power Reasserted • War Powers Act of 1973: President cannot wage war for more than 90 days without consent of Congress • Jackson-Vanik Amendment: ties human rights to détente • Congressional investigations of CIA, FBI, My Lai

17. The Death Penalty: Practices and Opinions

18. “I Will Never Lie to You” • Jimmy Carter won presidency in 1976. • A reaction to the previous years of corruption • A poor economy and a fragmentation in the Democratic party for the new president • Moralistic views and a desire to balance the federal budget hampered Carter’s work with the Congress.

19. Rise of a Peacemaker • Pardon of draft resisters • Promotion of human rights • Desire to end racial discrimination • Reigned in CIA and fired G.H.W. Bush • Signed treaties giving Panama sovereignty over canal • Camp David Accords

20. The War on Waste • “the Moral equivalent of war”: conservation of energy • Department of Energy • Tax incentives for development of alternative sources of energy • Revolution in Iran

21. DIFFUSING THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT • The Meanings of Women’s Liberation • New Opportunities in Education, the Workplace, and Family Life • Equality Under the Law • Backlash

22. The Meanings of Women’s Liberation • Personal relationships: • Ms. Magazine • Public arena • Equal pay for equal work • Law • Bringing to light domestic abuse and rape

23. New Opportunities in Education, the Workplace, and Family Life • Education: Number of women law students increased by 35% in 10 years; co-educational colleges • Workplace: women worked in non-traditional jobs such as police office, construction workers; success in the professional careers such as doctors and lawyers • FamilyLife: more women in workforce changed role at home, chores shared with husband, but often in addition to outside job—divorce rates climbed as well

24. Equality Under the Law • Title IX: comparable dollars for men’s and women’s sports programs • Equal Rights Amendment: approved by Congress and sent to states for ratification • Roe v. Wade: granted women right to make decision of whether to continue a pregnancy • The Selective Service Act of 1980

25. Backlash • Women’s new found economic independence and educational opportunities altered male-female relationships • Resistance from women’s groups • Shafly’s stop-ERA campaign helped defeat ratification • Hyde Amendment: no Medicaid funds for indigent to have abortions