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Some APES Review

Some APES Review. Earth. Age of Earth. Approximately 4.6 billion years. 3 types of plate boundaries: divergent—two plates spread apart. convergent—two plates move together. transform faults—two plates slide along one another.

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Some APES Review

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  1. Some APES Review

  2. Earth

  3. Age of Earth • Approximately 4.6 billion years

  4. 3 types of plate boundaries: divergent—two plates spread apart. convergent—two plates move together. transform faults—two plates slide along one another. Mineral deposits are most abundant at convergent plate boundaries. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. The U.S. is on the North American plate Plate Tectonics

  5. Most Abundant elements in Earth’s crust • 1) Oxygen • 2) Silicon • 3) Aluminum • 4) Iron • 5) Calcium • 6) Sodium • 7) Potassium

  6. Coal FormationPete Love Betty Always • Peat • Lignite • Bituminous • Anthracite

  7. Population and Demographics

  8. Current World Population • About 7 billion people • Growth rate= 1.2% Current US Population = 309 million Click for current world and US Population

  9. Demographics • 80% of the world’s population is in the developing world, 20% in the developed.

  10. Rule of 70 • 70  % growth rate = Doubling time (years) • You will need to use this on the exam!

  11. Thomas Malthus • Theorized that human population cannot continue to increase without leading to war, famine & disease

  12. Most Populous Nations • 1) China • 2) India • 3) U.S. • 4) Indonesia • 5) Brazil • 6) Russia • 7) Pakistan

  13. Most Populous Regions of the World • 1) Asia • 2) Europe • 3) Africa • 4) Latin America • 5) North America • 6) Oceania

  14. Replacement level fertility • The number of children a couple must have to replace themselves.

  15. Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transitional Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial High 80 70 Birth rate 60 50 Birth rate and death rate(number per 1,000 per year) Relative population size 40 30 Death rate 20 10 Total population 0 Low Low Increasing Very high Decreasing Low Zero Negative Growth rate over time Fig. 7-11, p. 137

  16. Demographic Transition Model • Preindustrial stage • Transitional stage • Industrial stage • Postindustrial stage

  17. World’s Largest Oil Reserves (2013 self-reporting estimates) 1 Saudi Arabia 265,405 (OPEC) 2 Venezuela 211,169 (OPEC) 3 Canada 173,625 4 Iran 151,167 (OPEC) 5 Iraq 115,350 (OPEC) 6 Kuwait 103,998 (OPEC) 7 United Arab Emirates 97,800 (OPEC) 8 Russia 60,003 9 Libya 47,102 (OPEC) 10 Kazakhstan 30,002 11 Nigeria 37,200 (OPEC) 12 Qatar 25,382 (OPEC) 13 United States 20,682

  18. Biggest lifestyle risk factors • 1) Poverty • 2) Smoking • 3) Overweight • 4) Driving • 5) Air Pollution • 6) Alcohol • 7) Drug AbuseMiller, 2006

  19. Deadliest infectious diseases • 1) Pneumonia and flu • 2) HIV • 3) Malaria • 4) Diarrheal diseases • 5) TB • 6) Hep B • 7) Measels

  20. Places

  21. Love Canal, NY • 1976-77 • chemicals buried in old canal, school and homes built over it led to birth defects and cancers.

  22. Minamata, Japan • 1950s • Mental impairments, birth defects, and deaths caused by mercury dumped in Minamata Bay by factory. Mercury entered humans in diet (fish).

  23. Bhopal, India • December 2,1984 • Methyl isocyanate released accidentally by Union Carbide pesticide plant kills over 5,000.

  24. Three-Mile Island, Pennsylvania • March 29, 1979 • Nuclear power plant loses cooling water 50% of core melts, radioactive materials escape into atmosphere, near meltdown.

  25. Chernobyl, Ukraine • April 26, 1986 • Unauthorized safety test leads to fire and explosion at nuclear power plant—millions exposed to unsafe levels of radiation.

  26. Valdez, Alaska • March 24, 1989 • The oil tanker Exxon Valdez hits submerged rocks in Prince William Sound—worst oil spill in US waters.

  27. Fukushima, Japan • March 11, 2011 • A series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

  28. Yucca Mountain, Nevada • Controversial, proposed site for the permanent storage of high-level nuclear waste, 70-miles northwest of Las Vegas, near volcano and earthquake faults. • UPDATE (April 12, 2011) Despite House GOP push, Harry Reid declares ‘Yucca is dead’- Click for link to article

  29. Ogallala Aquifer • World’s largest aquifer. • Holds enough water to cover the U.S. with 1.5 feet of water. • Under parts of Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas (the Midwest). • Being depleted for agricultural and urban use.

  30. BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill • 2010, 87 Days • Largest accidental spill ever • 4.9 million barrels

  31. Laws

  32. Endangered Species Act • Identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations. • 1973

  33. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (1980) Requires the cleanup of sites contaminated with toxic waste. This law is commonly refered to as "Superfund." In 1986 major amendments were made in order to clarify the level of cleanup required and degrees of liability. CERCLA is retroactive, which means it can be used to hold liable those responsible for disposal of hazardous wastes before the law was enacted in 1980.

  34. Lacey Act of 1900 • Prohibits interstate transport of wild animals dead or alive without federal permit.

  35. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species • Also known a: “CITES” • Lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products. • 1973

  36. Healthy Forests Initiative (2003) Reduces fuel for forest fires. Controversial because it allows for tree harvesting.

  37. Clean Water Act • Set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. Aim: to make surface waters swimmable and fishable. • 1972

  38. Safe Drinking Water Act • Set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. • 1974

  39. Clean Air Act • Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants. • 1970

  40. Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act • Requires coal strip mines and others to reclaim the land following mining operations. • 1977

  41. Kyoto Protocol • Controversial attempt to control global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries. • Not ratified by the U.S. • 1997

  42. Montreal Protocol • International treaty to phase out the use of ozone depleting substances (esp CFCs-first ID’ed as a problem by Roland and Molina). • 1987

  43. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) RCRA Seeks to prevent the creation of toxic waste dumps by setting standards for the management of hazardous waste from cradle to grave

  44. Physical Laws/Rules • Math-esp. conversions • Chemistry: i.e. • Organic Compounds contain at least 2 or more C atoms combined with each other & atoms of 1 or more other elements + CH4. • Laws of Thermodynamics: 1-Energy changes form, 2-Efficiency not 100%

  45. Ecology

  46. Biomagnification Increased levels of toxins in higher trophic levels.

  47. Bioaccumulation Accumulation of toxins in fatty tissues of an organism.

  48. K-strategists Organisms reproduce late in life Bear few offspring Care for and protect offspring Large bodied Examples: humans, elephants r-strategists Organisms reproduce early in life Bear many offspring Do not care for and protect offspring Small bodied Examples insects, mice Reproductive Strategies

  49. Primary Productivity • Largest in Tropical rain forest, Swamp/marsh, Estuary

  50. Cellular Respiration • Oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2 • C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O

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