Morphing,

1. Morphing, and Warping Blending Cartographic Applications

2. Definition • Morphing is a special technique that creates a smooth, controlled transformation of one image into another.

3. Transforming Shape

4. Warping vs Morphing • Warping • Single object • Specification of original and deformed states • Morphing • Two objects • Specification of initial and final states

5. Warping and Morphing • Warping • • Source object • • No target object • Morphing • • Source object • • Target object

6. Warping versus MorphingWarping Morphing

7. Specification of Transformations • Global Transformations • Affine Maps • Projective Maps • Non-Linear Maps

8. Specification • Definitions • Correspondence • association between two regions • defines original and final states • Specification • set of correspondences

11. Warping x Morphing • Warping • Single object • Specification of original and deformed states • Morphing (metamorphosis) • Two objects • Specification of initial and final states

12. Types of Specification • Parametric • Partition-based • Feature-based • Automatic or semi-automatic

13. Parametric Specification

14. Specification by Partition • Regions cover the entire object • Regular x Irregular partitions • Same topology: original and final sets

15. Partition Examples

16. Specification by Features • Regions do not cover the object • Dimension of features £ object dimension • Examples: points, vectors, planes, boxes,...

17. Feature (Vector) Examples

18. Transforming Attributes Texture, Color

19. Linear Blending • A and B objects in a vector space • c(t) = (1 - t) A + t B • c(0) = A, c(1) = B • Functions (attributes) • Subsets of space (shape) • Also Bilinear, Trilinear and Affine Blending

20. Shape Warp + Attribute Blending

21. Linear Color Interpolation(cross dissolve)

22. Some Guidelines for a good morphing • Feature preservation • Smoothness preservation • Avoid linearities • use adaptive methods

23. Avoid leakage Select and warp foreground only

24. Example of Morphing and Attribute Transformation form Fantamorph

25. Geometry Deformation • Change of Coordinate Systems

26. Animation • Emphasis • Stretch • Squash • Distortion plus Motion

27. Animation • Keyframes • Tweens • Motion • Shape

28. The World according to Aaron “Garp” Arthur

29. Types of Warps

30. Warping Techniques • Barycentric mapping • Field-based mapping • Radial basis functions - RBF • Free-form deformation - FFD • Multi-pass spline mesh • Physically-based warping

31. Parametric (global) warping Examples aspect rotation translation perspective cylindrical affine

32. Rotation xT = xs (cos(q)) + ys (sin(q)) yT = ys (cos(q)) - xs (sin(q))

33. Scale Change xT = mxs yT = nys Scaling coefficient m usually is the same as n

34. Translation xs = xs + Dx ys = ys + Dy

35. Bilinear Coordinate Transformation

36. Bilinear Coordinate Transformation • Transformation Equations are: xT = axs + bys + cxsys + d yT = exs + fys + gxsys + h • Which are solved simultaneously • From a minimum of 4 points whose • Coordinates are known in both systems.

37. Forward warping • Send each pixel f(x,y) to its corresponding location (x’,y’)=T(x,y) in the second image • if pixel lands “between” two pixels distribute color among neighboring pixels (x’,y’), known as “splatting” Origin Target T(x,y) y y’ x x’ f(x,y) g(x’,y’)

38. T-1(x,y) Inverse Warping • Get each pixel g(x’,y’) from its corresponding location (x,y)=T-1(x’,y’) in the first image • if pixel comes from “between” two pixels, Interpolate color value from neighbors • nearest neighbor, bilinear, Gaussian, bicubic • Inverse warping usually better because it eliminates holes, but it is not always possible. Origin Target y y’ x x x’ f(x,y) g(x’,y’)

39. Applications • Genesis in the graphic arts, movies • Yet, Morphing is not just a special effect: • Lens distortion correction • Graphical objects modeling • Motion capture data interpolation • Accelerated Rendering

40. Mapping “significance” Applications Area = the relative significance of states based on electoral college votes

41. Applications: Interpolation of Animation Example: Glacial Metamorphosis Considerations: Frame time resolution Speed of motion Realistic shapes

42. Georegister Maps: Example Rubber Sheeting in ArcGIS • For two raster maps in separate layers in ArcGIS. Look up procedure in Help under “georeferencing.” • Work with tools in georeferencing menu bar httpChina Historical GIS: georeferencing

43. Applications: Photorectification • Example: Leica Photogrammetry Suite • Corrects for camera, camera angle, and relief distortions.

44. Applications: Showing Change • Not just areal change, but also warping of a surface to show change in mapped parameters, such as population density or temperature.

45. Terragen: Mount St. Helens Morph Is this morph realistic?

46. Software used in different types of morphing Image morphing software • Morpheous Photo Morpher www.morpheoussoftware.net • Winmorph http://debugmode.com/winmorph • Abrosoft Fantatmorph www.fantamorph.com Terrain imaging software • Terragenhttp://www.planetside.co.uk • Bryrce 5.5http://bryce.daz3d.com/55index.php Other software capable of morphing • Autodesk Map 3D 2007 www.autodesk.com • Esri Arcview 9.1 www.esri.com • Flash 8www.macromedia.com

47. Landscapes done in Bryce ‘Canyon Walls’ by Burpee ‘Hidden Valley‘ by Andy Simmons

48. Landscape created in terragen By: Giancarolo http://www.timster.net/terragenasart/site/giancarlo-flight2.html