1 / 22

New Directions in Thought Science and Politics

New Directions in Thought Science and Politics. Ch 14. New Directions. Not One Direction. I. Scientific Revolution. Was not a rapid change in science Made up mostly of a few key people Many misconceptions Reanalyzing old ideas and comparing to new observations

babu
Download Presentation

New Directions in Thought Science and Politics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. New Directions in ThoughtScience and Politics Ch 14

  2. New Directions Not One Direction

  3. I. Scientific Revolution • Was not a rapid change in science • Made up mostly of a few key people • Many misconceptions • Reanalyzing old ideas and comparing to new observations • Predominantly occurred in Poland, Italy, Denmark, Bohemia, France and Great Britain • Evolved from use of reason to our modern scientific method • Hypothesis- Experiment- Conclusion- Analysis

  4. I. Scientific Revolution • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish • On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Questioned Ptolemaic System • Geocentric vs. Heliocentric • Kept the epicycles (small circles in addition to orbit) • Did say that orbit around the sun took longer for planets that are farther away.

  5. Ptolemaic System Copernican System

  6. I. Scientific Revolution • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • German Astronomer • The New Astronomy • Assistant to Tycho Brahe • Flawed concept but very detailed observations • Kept large amounts of records • Used Brahe’s data to prove a heliocentric model • Removed circular orbits and epicycles • Elliptical Orbits • Mathematically based • Lacked idea of gravity to explain orbits

  7. I. Scientific Revolution • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Italian Philosopher, Mathematician and Astronomer • Starry Messengers • Letters on Sunspots • Used the telescope to look at the sky rather than things on earth • Realized space was much more complex • Argued heliocentric was the only option • Named Jupiter’s moons after the Medicis (his patrons)

  8. I. Scientific Revolution • Galileo (continued) • Pope Urban VIII • Asked Galileo to give arguments for and against the Heliocentric system • Not to favor heliocentrism • Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems • Condemned Galileo of heresy • Result of misinterpretations by Catholic Church • Resulted in being forced to renounce his teachings • Placed under house arrest until he died (9 years)

  9. I. Scientific Revolution • Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) • England • Physicist, mathematician and astronomer • The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Inertia applies to objects at rest and in motion • Mutual attraction/ gravity • Solidified heliocentrism • Reflecting telescope • Theory of color/ prisms • Empirical date- Must observe something before trying to explain it

  10. I. Scientific Revolution • Francis Bacon ((1561-1626) • English • Lawyer, royal official and author • Father of Empiricism- experimentation in Science • Attacked scholasticism- truth already discovered and just needed to be re-discovered. • Break from tradition and produce useful results from new knowledge • Advancement of Learning, NovumOrganum • Set the tone for learning

  11. I. Scientific Revolution • René Descartes (1596-1650) • French • “I think, therefore I am” • The Discourse on Method • Rejected scholasticism • Prove through mathematical principles • Divided world into 2 categories • Thinking things • Things occupying space • Wanted science to focus on material

  12. II. Political Theory • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) • Heavily influenced by English Civil War (1642-1651) • Leviathan 1651 • Argued for a strong central government • Absolute Government • State of Nature- everyone is entitled to everything • Chaos • Man is evil and not socially inclined • Governments job is to take some rights/power from the people for their own protection • Persecution and corruption- It happens

  13. II. Political Theory • John Locke (1632-1704) • English • Criticized Absolute Government • 1st and 2ndTreatise of Government • State of Nature- Freedom and Equality • Unregulated- Life, Liberty and Property • People are reasonable and exhibit goodwill • Competition and readiness with small conflict • Government’s job is to preserve everyone's rights and resolve conflict • Government rules by social contract/popular sovereignty • Government breaks contract- people overthrow government • Influenced American colonist

  14. III. Culture • Age of Enlightenment • Started in 1700’s • Influenced by changes in political theory and scientific methods • Pushed to reform society and advance science • Brought about political revolutions • American and French

  15. III. Culture • Women • Not openly involved in Scientific Revolution • More behind the scenes • Queen Christina of Sweden • Brought Descartes to Sweden to run education • Wrote books under the names of their husbands • Mostly women of noble birth • Margaret Cavendish • Privately tutored • Criticized London’s Royal society for failing to solve problems with Scientific advancement

  16. III. Culture • Witch Hunts • Started for two possible reasons • Breaking of social norms by women • Most “witches” were single and usually over 40 (widowed) • Midwives blamed for death of mother or child • Church expanding control of locals • Women and men who practiced “magic”- usually herbalist • Said to make pacts with the devil and practice anti-Christian practices • Sabbats or black sabbaths

  17. III.Culture • Midwives • Women who delivered babies • Some were trained by family members • Some were trained by medical staff • Were eventually replaced by more experienced medical staff • Women were not allowed to train to be a doctor

  18. III. Culture • Baroque • Originated in Rome • Art of the 1600-1700s • Music is very stylized • Vivaldi/”The Four Seasons” • Art • Sharp contrast between light and dark • Gian Lorenzo Bernini • Architecture • Very ornate • Palace of Versailles Ecstasy of St. Theresa

More Related