Microprocessors

1. Microprocessors

2. Microprocessor Buses • Address Bus • One way street over which microprocessor sends an address code to memory or other external drives. • Data Bus • Two way street which data or instruction codes are transferred into the microprocessor which result in operation or computation is sent into the microprocessor • Control Bus • Used by the microprocessor to coordinate its operations to communicate with external devices.

3. Microprocessor programming • Data Transfer • Arithmetic • Bit manipulation • Loops and jump • Strings • Subroutines and interrupts • Processor control

4. Terminologies • Assembly language - low level languages that can be translated into binary instructions. • Assembler- program converts the English like instructions • Mnemonics – converts into binary pattern • Compiler – translate the high level program statements into machine language

5. CPU history • 8086 – 1978 – 16 bit data bus • 80286 – 1982 – 24 address line, 16 megabytes • 80386 – 1985 – 32 bit data bus, 32 external 4 Giga bytes • 80486 – 1989 -8 k byte cache memory max 66 MHz • Pentium -1993 – 64 bits data bus 32 bit registers 66 MHz • Pentium Pro – 1995- 200 MHz • Pentium II – 1997 - 57 new instruction 400 – 450 MHz • Pentium III – 1999 – 70 new instruction, 3D imaging 500Mhz-1GHz • Pentium IV- 2000- 1.3 GHz -3GHZ

6. Motorola microprocessor 680X0 family • 68000 – 16 bit devices, 8 bit data bus • 68020 – 32 bit microprocessors 4 G byte memory • 68030 – 256 byte cache for data 50 MHz • 68040 – 4 K byte each with chip math compressor • 68060 – multiple pipelining of instructions 8 K byte caches for data and instruction • Power PC MPC 601 32 K bytes RISC microprocessor (reduced instruction set computer)

7. Memory Unit RAM ROM And Hard Disk Input Port Output Port CPU Microprocessor Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus Basic Computer Operation Block Diagram

8. Computer port communication

9. EU and BIU

10. Internal Organization of 8088