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Introduction History and Objectives Mode of nutrient release Classification of CRFs Advantages of CRFs Controlled release formulations Future needs. Contents. What is a Control Release Fertilizer?.

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  1. Introduction • History and Objectives • Mode of nutrient release • Classification of CRFs • Advantages of CRFs • Controlled release formulations • Future needs Contents

  2. What is a Control Release Fertilizer? • A synthetic fertilizer, usually encased in capsules, that releases its nutrients over a specific period of time much the same as a controlled-release drug releases its medicine

  3. Controlled-release is one of the modern application that has enhanced how fertilizers are used both commercially and by consumers. Fertilizer use efficiency can be increased by modification of fertilizer products Chemical or Physical modificatios e.g coated encapsulation CRFs will bring revolution in Agricultural industry in near future Introduction

  4. Controlled-Release-Fertilizer

  5. Contrlled Release fertilizers

  6. CFRs began to be used in the 1930s Reguler production started in 1936 CFRs became commercial in mid 1950s Today used in USA and Japan History

  7. 70 percent of conventionally applied fertilizer goes unutilized Why to use CRFs

  8. Loss of nutrients due to volatilization and leaching Why to use CRF

  9. Fertilizer run-off in surface water leads to oxygen depletion Negative environmental impacts Fertilizer waste through leaching increases farm expenditures Less fertilizer use efficiency Why to use CRFs

  10. Reduction of topical growth (flush growth) and clippings Improved agronomic yields Improved rooting Improved cell wall strength Improved soil microorganism health/populations Retention of desirable color Objectives

  11. Manufacturing of CrfS

  12. A Dry mixture of soluble fertilizer and thickener in a non-permeable envelope Nutrient release in two phases water penetrates through opening to wt the mixture Nutrients release the device through pore either by diffusion or connective flows Mode of nutrient release

  13. Solid Urea* 1. Polymer Coatings Remain Intact Water Dissolved Urea Water Dissolved Urea Complete Release Dissolved Urea *Or other nutrient

  14. H2O Solid Urea H2O H2O H2O + S 2. Sulfur Coatings Break Down Sulfur Coating Solid Urea Solid Urea H2O Dissolved Urea

  15. SCU Contains Intact and Breached Particles, Thin and Thick Coatings

  16. Release of N, Based on Solubility H2O Urea Urease NH4 Root

  17. Release Depends on Granule Size

  18. Small Granules Release Faster

  19. The three common timing formulas are used Immediate release Intermediate release Long term release Release time

  20. Systematic Classification

  21. Further divided into: Biologically decomposing compounds e.g urea-formaldehyde Chemically decomposing compounds e.g isobutyledene-diurea a. Organic-N low-solubility compounds

  22. Granules coated by non-permeable material Material used can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic B. FERTILIZERS IN WHICH A PHYSICAL BARRIER CONTROLS THE RELEASE

  23. Here inorganic material is used for coating e.g: Metal ammonium phosphates (Mg NH4PO4) Acidulated phosphates rock C. Inorganic low-solubility compounds

  24. Fertilizer type (solubility, density) Thickener type Thickener concentration Size of device Temperature of soil Moisture in the soil Factors effecting nutrient release

  25. Fertilizer burn is not a problem with CRFs Less frequent application is required Easier and precise mechanical application Reduced capital and labor outlay Reduced nutrient loss by leaching and run-off Reduced leaf burn Advantages of CRFs

  26. Flexibility of release periods from 40 to 360 days at 25º C Reduced seed or seedling damage from high local concentrations of salts Improved storage and handling properties of fertilizer materials Product differentiation resulting in improved market potential. Advantages

  27. Market prices for slow-release fertilizers

  28. Market prices of CRFs are high because of: High prices of the ingredients used for encapsulated/coated products Low production capacities significantly higher marketing and sales expenses

  29. In the United States encapsulated granular urea is sold at a price of US$ 600.00 to 1 000.00/ton In Japan polyolefine-coated urea is sold at a price of 150 000 yen (= US$ 1 500.00 per t) In Western Europe, the average user prices are US$ 700 to 1200 per t. Market prices for slow-release fertilizers

  30. 1.Urea-formaldehyde reaction products: • also known as Nitroform, Ureaform, Methex. • produced in 1936 and commercialized in 1955 Marketed Controlled Release Formulation

  31. Developed in 1960s and 1970s. • Sulfur was used as coated material because of its low cost and value as secondary nutrient 2.sulfur-coated Fertilizers:

  32. 3.Polymer-coated fertilizer • Manufactured inn 1970 in Japan • Polymers are used for high-value application • Most common three marketed products are Nutricote, Osmocote and Polyon

  33. Cotrolled Release Fertilizer

  34. Fertilizer granules are heated and treated fatty acid and metal hydroxide • The two react to form a coating of the metal salt of a fatty acid, such as calcium stearate • Substrate coated components are nitrite, urea and triple super phosphate 4. Multicoated products:

  35. These are hybrid products that utilize a primary coating of Sulfur and secondary polymer-coated fertilizer These fertilizers were developed to deliver the nutrients at low cost 5. Polymer/Sulfur-coated fertilizer:

  36. APPLICATION TO SOIL

  37. Very high costs of CRFs Lack of proper legislation in most parts of the world to restrict the use of soluble fertilizers Only about 0.15% of the total fertilizers consumption is such products CRF may be inadequate sources of nutrients in situations with low ambient and soil temperatures Limitations

  38. Issues related to better NUE and a more environment friendly utilization of CRFs deserve greater attention and deeper insights, as listed below: Improved utilization of advanced technologies to prepare CRFs. Better understanding of the mechanisms controlling release rate and pattern FUTURE NEEDS

  39. Better assessment of expected benefits to the environment by using CRFs Development of soil degradable coatings Improved quantification of economic advantages Future Needs

  40. 1. Jacobs, D.F., Bose, R., Hasse, D.L. “Incorporating controlled release fertilizertechnology into outplanting”, in National Proceedings. Ogden, 2003, pp. 37-42. 2. Shavit, U., Shaviv, A., Shalit, G., Zaslazvsky, D.,J. Controlled Release, 1997. References

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