Renaissance and Reformation

1. Renaissance and Reformation

2. Renaissance Definition • A rebirth of Classical learning, especially the study of Latin and Greek.

3. Why? • People were unhappy with the status quo • Black Plague

4. Shift of Focus Individualism Humanism • Focus on the single person • Individual needs come first • Middle Ages philosophy • Human-based morality (the qualities humans should value) • Focus on the secular • Society as a whole • Renaissance philosophy

5. The Beginnings Mantua (Isabella d’Este) Florence (Lorenzo de Medici)

6. Literature

7. The Book of the Courtier • “Outward beauty is a true sign of inner goodness. This loveliness, indeed, is impressed upon the body in varying degrees as a token by which the soul can be recognized for what it is, just as with trees the beauty of the blossom testifies to the goodness of the fruit.” • “Men demonstrate their courage far more often in little things than in great.”

8. Art • Perspective (Appearance of Depth) • More life-like

9. Gates of Paradise by Ghiberti

10. HIGH RENAISSANCE

11. Church • Supported the Renaissance. • Why? • Wealthy and could provide patronage • Benefitted from the increased scholarship • Brought some back to the faith

12. Renaissance in the North • Fed off the ideas of the Italian Renaissance • Came later

13. Literature

14. Renaissance Art Instructions • For each pair of pictures, write down the following: • What is it (painting, sculpture, building)? • What is the subject of the work? • Which is the medieval work and which is the renaissance work? • How can you tell?

15. Printing Press

16. Changes • Revolutionized how quickly ideas could spread • Printed material became easily accessible • Encouraged literacy (esp. of vernacular)

17. Reformation

18. Reformation – Class Struggle • Common people: Rebellion against the whole social order • Middle Class: Wanted to control and manage their own religious affairs • Upper Class: Power struggle with the church

19. Desiderius Erasmus

20. Why were people Mad?

21. Why were people Mad? • Simony • Indulgences • Corrupt church officials

22. Martin Luther

23. A Series of Unfortunate Events

24. Martin Luther • German monk • Appalled by church practices, especially indulgences

25. 95 Theses • 6. The pope himself cannot remit guilt, but only declare and confirm that it has been remitted by God; or, at most, he can remit it in cases reserved to his discretion. Except for these cases, the guilt remains untouched. • 8. The penitential canons apply only to men who are still alive, and, according to the canons themselves, none applies to the dead. • 27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of the purgatory immediately the money clinks in the bottom of the chest.

26. 95 Theses • 43. Christians should be taught that one who gives to the poor, or lends to the needy, does a better action than if he purchases indulgences. • 50. Christians should be taught that, if the pope knew the exactions of the indulgence-preachers, he would rather the church of St. Peter were reduced to ashes than be built with the skin, flesh, and bones of the sheep. • 76. We assert the contrary, and say that the pope's pardons are not able to remove the least venial of sins as far as their guilt is concerned.

27. Results • Excommunicated by Pope Leo X • Outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire by Charles V • Shielded by Frederick the Wise

28. Religious War • More German princes defected • Charles V sent troops against those in rebellion • 1555- Peace of Augsburg • German princes had the right to choose religion for their region

29. Main Differences

30. Henry VIII

31. Beginning of Problems • English wanted a peace treaty with Spain • Catherine of Aragon was sent to marry the prince

32. Henry VIII • Wanted an heir • Had a daughter, Mary, with Catherine of Aragon, but no surviving son • Anne Boleyn • Plea to Rome

33. Three Thomases • Cardinal Thomas Wolsey • “Had I served my God with half the zeal I served my King, He would not in mine age left me naked to mine enemies.” • Thomas More • “the King’s good servant, but God’s first.” • Thomas Cranmer • Act of Succession • Supremacy Act

34. Wives of Henry VIII • Catherine of Aragon • Anne Boleyn • Jane Seymour • Anne of Cleves • Catherine Howard • Catherine Parr

35. Reformers

36. Reformers • Desiderius Erasmus • The Praise of Folly • John Calvin • The Institutes of Christian Religion • Huguenots • William Tyndale • Huldrych Zwingli • Anabaptists

37. Conflicts in France • Huguenots • 1534- Affair of Placards • 1559- Mary Queen of Scots persecuted reformers • 1562-1598- Religious Wars in France • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • 1598- Edict of Nantes

38. Counter-Reformation

39. Attempts to Change • Council of Trent • Ignatius de Loyola • Jesuits

40. Legacies

41. Legacies • More Religions • Less Tolerance • Better Education • More individual role in salvation • Increased instances of witchcraft

42. Scientific Revolution

43. Beginnings • Roger Bacon • Mathematics • Experimentation • Scientific Method

44. Astronomy • Copernicus • Kepler • Galileo

45. Physics • Isaac Newton • Laws of motion

46. Navigation • Compass • Improved maps • Astronomical charts • Better ships

47. Economics • Commercial Revolution • Coins with fixed values • Standards of weight and measurement • Central banking • Join-stock companies • Colonies • Mercantilism- government needs to increase a country’s wealth (gold and silver)

48. Rise of Exploration

49. Why? • Mercantilism • Renaissance • Crusades • Reformation