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Hydro power systems. Loch Sloy dam: 290 m head, 130 MW rated output. Lairg dam and power station, Sutherland. Kilmorack, near Inverness: 15 m head, 20 MW rated output. Shira power station, Argyll: 45 m head, 5 MW output. Augst-Whylen power station, River Rhine: 13 Kaplan turbines.
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6-jet Pelton wheel, rated at 122 MW under head of 650 m; Aoos River, Greece
Francis runner, 9 m diameter, rated at 248 MW under a head of 44.5 m. Stainless steel, 260 tons; Hunan, China
Large Francis runner: hand finishing prior to delivery
Sectional drawing of modern Francis turbine installation showing the inlet valve and spiral casing, guide vanes, runner and draft tube. Direct shaft drive to the generator mounted above.
Schematic drawing of a hydro-electric power plant using a reaction turbine (valve and surge chamber on the inlet side have been omitted)
Underground power station: Ceannacroc, near Fort Augustus. 90 m head, 20 MW total power output from two turbines
Clunie dam, Pitlochry: 50 m head, 61 MW rated output. Fish ladder to give access to upper reservoir
Construction of Longyang dam, China. 178 m high, it will incorporate 3 turbines each rated at 320 MW
Construction of 1200 MW pumped storage scheme at Yantan, China
Cruachan pumped storage scheme, Argyll: 365 m head, 400 MW rated output; 4 Francis pump/turbine units
Aerial view of Cruachan site showing upper reservoir and dam. Administration and visitor centre is on the shore of Loch Awe below; power station is underground, some 400 m from the loch-side