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Post traumatic stress disorder ( PTsd ) in war veterans

Post traumatic stress disorder ( PTsd ) in war veterans. Timothy demason and christian edinger. Videos of PTSD. YouTube : http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=azWNpCap_Ww CBS NEWS: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-war-within-treating-ptsd/. Etiology: Biological Factors. Noradrenaline Stathmin

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Post traumatic stress disorder ( PTsd ) in war veterans

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  1. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTsd) in war veterans Timothy demason and christianedinger

  2. Videos of PTSD • YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azWNpCap_Ww • CBS NEWS: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-war-within-treating-ptsd/

  3. Etiology: Biological Factors • Noradrenaline • Stathmin • GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) • Hyperresponsive Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex • Shin et al. (2001)

  4. Etiology: Cognitive Factors • Appraisal • Lower Intelligence • McNally and Shin (1995)

  5. Etiology: Sociocultural Factors • Discrimination • Oppression • Roysircar (2000) • Societal Expectations

  6. symptoms • Re-experiencing • Avoidance • Hyper arousal

  7. Prevalence • 2-17% point prevalence of combat related PTSD in US military veterans

  8. Cultural Factors • 3% Prevalence rate • Around 0-3% Globally

  9. Gender Variations • Higher in women than men

  10. Treatment Approaches • Psychotherapy • Cognitive Therapy (CT) • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prolonged Exposure (PE), and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) • Stress Inoculation Training • Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) • Group Therapy • Family Therapy • Psychodynamic Therapy • Medication • Other • Exercise and other physical activities

  11. Relationship between etiology and therapeutic approach • Disclaimer: • No 1 treatment works for everyone • Identifying a specific cause is reductionist • Can one truly treat symptoms when the “causes” are unknown • Primary therapeutic approach aimed to reduce greatest risk factor • Culture affects beliefs about causes and treatments • Gender • Desire to locate causes is a highly western phenomenon • Eclectic approach works well

  12. Relationship between etiology and therapeutic approach Cont’d • Low levels of Serotonin are present in PTSD victims • Use of SSRIs to help Serotonin stay in the synapse longer would be one way etiology would cause a therapeutic approach • Low education about PTSD and an inability to cope with the traumatic event • Use of Prolonged Exposure (PE) to educate patient and then enhance their ability to face the traumatic event so that they can move on with daily life • Low levels of cortisol are also present • Glucocorticoid provides a dose of corticosterone to boost cortisol levles and has worked in rats • There are many different relationships that exist and since PTSD is complex and relatively new. Researchers have not found an optimal treatment for PTSD, AND SYMPTOMS ARE WHAT ARE ULTIMTELY REDUCED RATHER THAN THE MENTAL ILLNES ITSELF

  13. Pathophysiology • Neuroendocrinology • Over-reactive adrenaline response • Hypocortisolism • High norepinephrine • Neuroanatomy • HPA Axis • Hippocampus and flashbacks = suppression • (Skelton et al., 2011) • (Heim, Elhert, and Hellhammer, 2000) Cognitive factor: Coping ability (Foa & Kozak, 1986) Traumatic event PTSD Biological Factor: Genetic Predisposition (True et al., 1993) Sociocultural factors: Societal expectations (Nayback, 2008)

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