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Future Directions in Grid Computing

Future Directions in Grid Computing. Ian Foster Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory and Department of Computer Science The University of Chicago http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~foster. Invited Talk, Terena 2002 Conference, Limerick, June 5, 2002. The Grid Vision.

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Future Directions in Grid Computing

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  1. Future Directionsin Grid Computing Ian Foster Mathematics and Computer Science Division Argonne National Laboratory and Department of Computer Science The University of Chicago http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~foster Invited Talk, Terena 2002 Conference, Limerick, June 5, 2002

  2. The Grid Vision “Resource sharing & coordinated problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations” • On-demand, ubiquitous access to computing, data, and services • New capabilities constructed dynamically and transparently from distributed services “When the network is as fast as the computer's internal links, the machine disintegrates across the net into a set of special purpose appliances” (George Gilder)

  3. Why the Grid?(1) Evolution of the Scientific Process • Pre-electronic • Theorize &/or experiment, alone or in small teams; publish paper • Post-electronic • Construct and mine very large databases of observational or simulation data • Develop computer simulations & analyses • Access specialized devices remotely • Exchange information quasi-instantaneously within distributed multidisciplinary teams • Need to manage dynamic, distributed infrastructures, services, and applications

  4. eScience Application:Sloan Digital Sky Survey Analysis

  5. Galaxy cluster size distribution Chimera Virtual Data System + iVDGL Data Grid (many CPUs) eScience Application:Sloan Digital Sky Survey Analysis Size distribution of galaxy clusters?

  6. Challenging Technical Requirements • Dynamic formation and management of virtual organizations • Online negotiation of access to services: who, what, why, when, how • Configuration of applications and systems able to deliver multiple qualities of service • Autonomic management of distributed infrastructures, services, and applications • Management of distributed state as a fundamental issue

  7. State of the Art:Globus ToolkitTM (since 1996) • Small, standards-based set of protocols for distributed system management • Authentication, delegation; resource discovery; reliable invocation; etc. • Information-centric design • Data models; publication, discovery protocols • Open source implementation • Large international user community • Successful enabler of higher-level services and applications

  8. Grid Projects in eScience

  9. A Large Virtual Organization: CERN’s Large Hadron Collider 1800 Physicists, 150 Institutes, 32 Countries 100 PB of data by 2010; 50,000 CPUs?

  10. ~PBytes/sec ~100 MBytes/sec Offline Processor Farm ~20 TIPS There is a “bunch crossing” every 25 nsecs. There are 100 “triggers” per second Each triggered event is ~1 MByte in size ~100 MBytes/sec Online System Tier 0 CERN Computer Centre ~622 Mbits/sec or Air Freight (deprecated) Tier 1 FermiLab ~4 TIPS France Regional Centre Germany Regional Centre Italy Regional Centre ~622 Mbits/sec Tier 2 Tier2 Centre ~1 TIPS Tier2 Centre ~1 TIPS Caltech ~1 TIPS Tier2 Centre ~1 TIPS Tier2 Centre ~1 TIPS HPSS HPSS HPSS HPSS HPSS ~622 Mbits/sec Institute ~0.25TIPS Institute Institute Institute Physics data cache ~1 MBytes/sec 1 TIPS is approximately 25,000 SpecInt95 equivalents Physicists work on analysis “channels”. Each institute will have ~10 physicists working on one or more channels; data for these channels should be cached by the institute server Pentium II 300 MHz Pentium II 300 MHz Pentium II 300 MHz Pentium II 300 MHz Tier 4 Physicist workstations Data Grids for High Energy Physics

  11. Human Models Grids at NASA: Aviation Safety Wing Models • Lift Capabilities • Drag Capabilities • Responsiveness Stabilizer Models Airframe Models • Deflection capabilities • Responsiveness Crew Capabilities - accuracy - perception - stamina - re-action times - SOPs Engine Models • Braking performance • Steering capabilities • Traction • Dampening capabilities • Thrust performance • Reverse Thrust performance • Responsiveness • Fuel Consumption Landing Gear Models

  12. Life Sciences: Telemicroscopy DATA ACQUISITION PROCESSING,ANALYSIS ADVANCEDVISUALIZATION NETWORK COMPUTATIONALRESOURCES IMAGING INSTRUMENTS LARGE DATABASES

  13. Why the Grid:(2) And What About Business? • Fragmentation of enterprise infrastructure • Specialized platforms -> commodity servers • “Intelligence” embedded in networks • The rise of the “eUtility” (IBM, HP, …) • Outsourcing, economies of scale • Business-to-business computing • Especially complex virtual organizations • Ever more challenging QoS requirements • “Green-screen” -> “ubiquitious web presence”

  14. Today’s EnterpriseComputing Environment

  15. Butterfly.net: Grid for multi-player games Grids and Industry: Early Examples Entropia: Distributed computing (BMS, Novartis, …)

  16. The Business Opportunity • On-demand computing, storage, services • Significant savings due to reduced build-out, economies of scale, reduced admin costs • Greater flexibility => greater productivity • Entirely new applications and services • Based on high-speed resource integration • Solution to enterprise computing crisis • Render distributed infrastructures manageable

  17. Grid Computing

  18. Realizing the PromiseRequires Significant Innovation • Automation of infrastructure operation to achieve economies of scale • Management and component models for distributed service provisioning • New applications and tools powered by distributed services and resources • Business and service models to support specialization of function

  19. Grid Evolution:Open Grid Services Architecture • Refactor Globus protocol suite to enable common base and expose key capabilities • Service orientation to virtualize resources and unify resources/services/information • Embrace key Web services technologies for standard IDL, leverage commercial efforts • Result: standard interfaces & behaviors for distributed system management: the Grid service

  20. Open Grid Services Architecture:Transient Service Instances • “Web services” address discovery & invocation of persistent services • Interface to persistent state of entire enterprise • In Grids, must also support transient service instances, created/destroyed dynamically • Interfaces to the states of distributed activities • E.g. workflow, video conf., dist. data analysis • Significant implications for how services are managed, named, discovered, and used • In fact, much of OGSA (and Grid) is concerned with the management of service instances

  21. Open Grid Services Architecture • Defines fundamental (WSDL) interfaces and behaviors that define a Grid Service • Required + optional interfaces = WS “profile” • A unifying framework for interoperability & establishment of total system properties • Defines WSDL extensibility elements • E.g., serviceType (a group of portTypes) • Delivery via open source Globus Toolkit 3.0 • Leverage GT experience, code, community • And commercial implementations

  22. GridService (required) … other interfaces … (optional) Service data access Explicit destruction Soft-state lifetime Standard: - Notification - Authorization - Service creation - Service registry - Manageability - Concurrency + application-specific interfaces The Grid Service =Interfaces/Behaviors + Service Data Service data element Service data element Service data element Binding properties: - Reliable invocation - Authentication Implementation Hosting environment/runtime (“C”, J2EE, .NET, …)

  23. Service Data • A Grid service instance maintains a set of service data elements • XML fragments encapsulated in standard <name, type, TTL-info> containers • Includes basic introspection information, interface-specific data, and application data • FindServiceData operation (GridService interface) queries this information • Extensible query language support • See also notification interfaces • Allows notification of service existence and changes in service data

  24. Grid Service Example:Database Service • A DBaccess Grid service will support at least two portTypes • GridService • DBaccess • Each has service data • GridService: basic introspection information, lifetime, … • DBaccess: database type, query languages supported, current load, …, … • Maybe other portTypes as well • E.g., NotificationSource (SDE = subscribers) Grid Service DBaccess Name, lifetime, etc. DB info

  25. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service BioDB 1 Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . “I want to create a personal database containing data on e.coli metabolism” Database Service Database Factory BioDB n Storage Service Provider

  26. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics “Find me a data mining service, and somewhere to store data” Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service BioDB 1 Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . Database Service Database Factory BioDB n Storage Service Provider

  27. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory GSHs for Mining and Database factories Database Service BioDB 1 Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . Database Service Database Factory BioDB n Storage Service Provider

  28. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service “Create a data mining service with initial lifetime 10” BioDB 1 Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . “Create a database with initial lifetime 1000” Database Service Database Factory BioDB n Storage Service Provider

  29. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service “Create a data mining service with initial lifetime 10” BioDB 1 Miner Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . “Create a database with initial lifetime 1000” Database Service Database Factory BioDB n Database Storage Service Provider

  30. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service Query BioDB 1 Miner Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . Query Database Service Database Factory BioDB n Database Storage Service Provider

  31. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service Query BioDB 1 Miner Keepalive Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . Query Database Service Database Factory Keepalive BioDB n Database Storage Service Provider

  32. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service BioDB 1 Miner Keepalive Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . Results Database Service Database Factory Keepalive Results BioDB n Database Storage Service Provider

  33. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service BioDB 1 Miner Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . Database Service Database Factory Keepalive BioDB n Database Storage Service Provider

  34. Example:Data Mining for Bioinformatics Community Registry Mining Factory Database Service BioDB 1 Compute Service Provider User Application . . . . . . Database Service Database Factory Keepalive BioDB n Database Storage Service Provider

  35. GT3: An Open Source OGSA-Compliant Globus Toolkit • GT3 Core • Implements Grid service interfaces & behaviors • Reference impln of evolving standard • Multiple hosting envs:Java/J2EE, C, C#/.NET? • GT3 Base Services • Evolution of current Globus Toolkit capabilities • Many other Grid services Other Grid GT3 Services Data Services GT3 Base Services GT3 Core

  36. Summary:Grids and Globus Toolkit • The Grid: Resource sharing & coordinated problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations • Considerable impact within eScience, growing interest & adoption within eBusiness • Globus Toolkit an open source, defacto standard source of protocol and API definitions—and reference implementations • A strong community organization: the Global Grid Forum

  37. Summary:Open Grid Services Architecture • Open Grid Services Architecture represents (we hope!) next step in Grid evolution • Service orientation enables unified treatment of resources, data, and services • Standard interfaces and behaviors (the Grid service) for managing distributed state • Deeply integrated information model for representing and disseminating service data • Open source Globus Toolkit implementation (and commercial value adds)

  38. For More Information • Grid Book (somewhat old) • www.mkp.com/grids • Survey + research articles • www.mcs.anl.gov/~foster • The Globus Project™ • www.globus.org • GriPhyN project • www.griphyn.org • Global Grid Forum • www.gridforum.org • www.gridforum.org/ogsi-wg • Edinburgh, July 22-24 • Chicago, Oct 15-17

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