Warm-up 9/18

1. Warm-up 9/18 • In three or less sentences please describe what you already know about the American Revolution, the French Revolution, or the Glorious Revolution. • Example: Who was fighting? Why were they fighting? What was the result?

2. The Enlightenment and Democratic Revolution 10.1.2

3. The Enlightenment • The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement that spread from Europe to America in the 1700s. • It helped inspire democratic revolutions in Europe, the United States,and Latin America. • Key enlightenment writers included Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau.

4. John Locke (England) • People have natural rights to life, liberty, and the ownership of property. • People form governments to protect these rights. • Influence: Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson, the main author of the Declaration of Independence.

6. Charles-Louis Montesquieu (France) • Government should be kept under control though separation of powers—a division into independent parts so that no part has too much power. • Influence: Montesquieu’s ideas influenced James Madison, sometimes called the father of the U.S. Constitution because of his many contributions at the 1787 Constitutional Convention.

8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (France) • A social contract exists between citizens and their government. In this contract, citizens accept certain rights and responsibilities, and grant the government the power to uphold those rights and responsibilities. • Influence: The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Latin-American revolutionary leader Simón Bolívar. Bolívar fought to liberate his country, present-day Venezuela, from Spanish rule.

10. Documents of Democracy

11. Documents of Democracy • Because of their traditions as English citizens, American colonists expected to have the rights granted in England by the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights. However, they were often denied these rights, and tensions grew in the colonies, leading toward revolution. • Many principles of these documents continued in the American Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution. In Europe, some of the same principles and traditions carried into the French Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen.

12. Magna Carta (1215, England) • Limited the powers of the king • Laid the basis for due process of law—law should be known and orderly • Prohibited the king from taking property or taxes without consent of a council

13. English Bill of Rights (1689) • Guaranteed free elections and frequent meetings of Parliament • Forbade excessive fines and cruel punishment • Gave people the right to complain to the king or queen in Parliament • Established representative government—laws made by a group that acts for the people

14. American Declaration of Independence (1776) • Said that all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; these are unalienable rights—rights that government cannot take away • Said that governments get their power from the consent of the governed—the idea of popular sovereignty

15. French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) • Said that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” • Said that the purpose of government is to protect “natural” rights, including “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” • Guaranteed freedom of speech and freedom of religion

16. U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) • Guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press • Guaranteed due process of law, including protection from unfair imprisonment • Guaranteed trial by jury; protected people from “cruel and unusual punishment”

17. The American Revolution

18. The American Revolution was rooted in the belief that people possess natural rights and that government has a responsibility to protect those rights. • American Patriots believed that the British government had violated their rights. As a result, they declared their independence from British rule and sought to create their own government.

19. Key Events in the American Revolution

20. 1760s American colonists protest unfair taxes and other rights violations by the British. • 1775 War breaks out as shots are fired between colonists and British soldiers. • 1776 American colonists issue a Declaration of Independence from British rule. • 1781 British Army surrenders; Americans achieve independence. • 1781–1787 States agree to a weak central government under the Articles of Confederation. • 1787 States accept the U.S. Constitution, creating a stronger national government. • 1791 The Bill of Rights is added to the U.S. Constitution.

21. Unique Success • The American Revolution occurred during an era of revolutionary movements. Not all revolutions succeeded in creating stable democracy. • For example, after the French Revolution in 1789, France descended into chaos, as people rebelled against many traditions. A dictatorship took over in 1799. • By contrast, the American colonists rebelled mainly against British rule.

22. Other Revolutionary Movements • The American Revolution was the first of a series of wars for independence that shared some common beliefs. • individual rights • Popular sovereignty • French Revolution 1789–1799 • Haitian Revolution 1791–1802 • Batavian Revolution (Netherlands) 1795–1801 • Latin-American Wars for Independence 1810–1824 • Greek war for independence 1821–1827

23. The French Revolution 10.2.3

24. Like the American Revolution, the French Revolution of 1789 erupted after years of yearning for freedom and justice. • Revolutionaries overthrew the French Old Regime that had divided the people into three unequal social classes, or estates. • old problems of poverty and injustice remained.

25. Causes of Revolution • Inequality (3 estates) • Monarchy ineffective (Louis XV and XVI) • Bad Harvests/Financial Collapse • Enlightenment Ideas and Inspired by Am. Rev.

26. The Three Estates • First Estate: clergy • 130,000 owned 10% of land. • Second Estate: Nobility • 120-350,000 owned 30 % of land • Third Estate: Commoners • 75-80% owned 35% of land

27. Reign of Terror • A period in the early 1790s known for the mass executions carried out by the revolutionary government’s Committee for Public Safety. The ROT was lead by Robespierre and was aimed at eliminating enemies of the Revolution.

28. Napoleon Bonaparte • Meanwhile, poverty and chaos wearied the nation. Stability came only after the military leader Napoleon Bonaparte seized control as dictator in 1799. • His powers as dictator led again to instability, however, continuing for generations. • France did not adopt a constitution that guaranteed representative government until 1875.