1 / 54

Chapter 3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Chapter 3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM. The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body Weighs 8-10 pounds and covers an area of 22 square feet Combining forms: Derm/o Cutane/o Dermatology is the medical specialty.

benjamin
Download Presentation

Chapter 3 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 3INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM • The skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body • Weighs 8-10 pounds and covers an area of 22 square feet • Combining forms: • Derm/o • Cutane/o • Dermatology is the medical specialty

  2. The skin (body covering system) is a readily visible reflection of one’s health

  3. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN (5) • (1) Protection • Body’s first level of defense against invasion by bacteria and other harmful agent • Protects against mechanical injury • Guards against excessive exposure to sun • (2) Regulation (temperature control) • Raises or lowers body temperature as necessary

  4. FUNCTIONS (continued) • (3) Sensation • Contains millions of microscopic nerve endings • Act as sensory receptors for pain, touch, heat, cold, pressure, and pleasure

  5. FUNCTIONS (Continued) • (4) Secretion • Glands secrete: • Perspiration (sweat glands) • Oils – sebaceous Glands

  6. FUNCTIONS • (5) Water retention • Acts as a barrier between internal organs and the environment

  7. SKIN ANATOMY • Made up of 3 layers: • Epidermis – outer (top) layer (epi) • Dermis - inner support layer (middle) • Subcutaneous – bottom layer –adipose tissue (sub)

  8. EPIDERMIS LAYER • Consists of 5 layers • New skin cells are formed in the lowest level • New skin cells contain keratin • Melan/o – brown/black color • Melanocytes are cells that produce melanin (pigment) which give skin and hair its color. • New skin cells move up to the top layer-all replaced about every 28 days.

  9. DERMIS LAYER • Composed of dense, fibrous connective tissue called collagen. • Contains nerves, sensory receptors , blood vessels. • Essential to thermoregulation • Contains hair follicles • Contains sebaceous and sweat glands

  10. SEBACEOUS GLANDS • Sebum – oily substance made up of fats and lipids • protects skin

  11. SWEAT GLANDS • Glands all over the body • Duct of gland • Conduit to surface for sweat • Sweat cools body as the moisture evaporates • Palms of hands • Feet

  12. SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER • Fat cells stored for energy • Provides heat insulation • Connects the skin to underlying structures

  13. HAIR • Formed within follicles • Papilla at base of follicle • Shaft is visible part • Hair fiber is filled with keratin • Melanocytes at root of follicles • Pigment provides color • Gray hair- no melanin produced

  14. Nails • Composed of hard keratin

  15. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN • Identification function • Unique facial characteristics, hair, skin color, fingerprints • Communication • Expressions – expressing our emotions • Sensory functions • Pain, pressure, temperature • Production of vitamin D • Exposure of skin to ultraviolet light

  16. PHYSIOLOGY (con ‘t) • Protection • Skin is first line of defense against the outside world – goal is integrity • Skin is waterproof and tough • Melanin prevents harmful ultraviolet rays from penetrating • Keratin is a waterproofing agent • Stratum corneum (outermost, horny cell layer) protects against pathogens, chemicals, prevents tears

  17. TEMPERATURE CONTROL • Raises and lowers body temperature as necessary • When body needs to lose heat: • Blood vessels in skin dilate – bringing blood to surface for cooling by radiation • Sweat glands secrete more sweat for cooling by evaporation

  18. TEMPERATURE CONTROL(con’t) • When body needs to conserve heat, nervous system causes constriction of skin’s blood vessels • Allows more heat-carrying blood to circulate to the muscles and other vital organs • Skeletal Muscles • Produce heat during movement • Raises body’s core temperature • Produce heat during movement • Increases body’s core temperature

  19. WELLNESS & ILLNESS • General assessment • Overview • General hygiene • Well developed, well nourished, or other ? • Inspection and palpation • Color, appearance, temperature, turgor • Vascularity • Lesions or abnormalities

  20. INFANTS • Commonly seen conditions • Vernix caseosa • Lanugo – fine hair • Mongolian spots • Café au lait spots • Port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) • Erythema toxicum-rash • Acrocyanosis • Physiologic jaundice

  21. ADOLESCENTS • Acne • Active sabaceous glands • Types: • Open comedones (blackheads) • Closed comedones (whiteheads) • May also include • Papules • Pustules • Nodules

  22. PREGNANT WOMEN • Skin stretches: • Striae –stretch marks • Caused by elastic collagen fibers breaking down • Linea nigra – midline of abdomen • Chloamsa – hyperpigmentation • Vascular spiders – tiny red lines

  23. ADULTS & SENIORS • Middle-aged adults • Skin changes • Angiomas on trunk • Skin tags • Increased/decreased hair growth • Alopecia – male pattern balding • Seniors • Skin’s gradual breakdown: dryness,wrinkling • Skin more fragile • Trauma – senile purpura • Liver spots • Keratoses

  24. GENERAL SKIN CONDITIONS • Ringworm –fungus • Dermatitis –inflammation associated with an allergic reaction • Allergen touches skin – contact dermatitis • Ingestion of allergic substance • Rash may be urticarial – hives, itchy • Atopic dermatitis • Chronic inflammation – usually caused by allergy • Psoriasis • Seborrhea – cradle cap, dandruff • Lesions • Nevi – birth marks/beauty marks • Hemangioma – collection of blood vessels

  25. SKIN CANCERS • Melanoma • Cancer that develops in the pigment cells • An overgrowth of melanocytes • Most dangerous form of skin cancer • Can spread ( metastasize) • A-B-C-D changes in lesion

  26. MELANOMA • A-B-C-D changes that indicate malignancy • Asymmetry • Border • Color • Diameter

  27. SKIN CANCERS (Continued) • Cancers of the epithelial cells • Appear in areas exposed to sunlight, such as the face • Basal cell • 75% of a skin cancers • Smooth, pearly papule • Slow growing • Do NOT metastasize • Treatment: surgical removal

  28. SKIN CANCERS (Continued) • Squamous cell • Painless, firm red nodule or plaque • May develop surface scales, ulcerations or crusting • Tends NOT to metastasize • Treatment: surgical removal • Kaposi sarcoma • Associated with AIDS • Distinct brown lesions on the legs • Can metastasize

  29. Primary Skin Lesions • Skin signs are objective evidence of an illness or disorder • Various lesions are described in specific terms • Primary or initial lesions • Secondary – result of primary lesions

  30. Cyst • An encapsulated, fluid-filled area in the dermis or subcutaneous layer

  31. Bulla • A fluid-filled lesion larger than 1 cm that is thin-walled and ruptures easily • Example – blister

  32. Macule • A round, flat, pigmented area • Example − measles, freckles

  33. Nodule • A solid, raised area larger than 1 cm • A larger papule • Example − acne vulgaris

  34. Papule • A palpable (something that can be felt) lesion that is rounded, solid, and raised (less than 1 cm) • Example – pimple, mole

  35. Plaque • An area of papules that are merged to form a lesion larger than 1 cm • Example − psoriasis

  36. Pustule • A round, raised, pus-filled lesion • Example – chicken pox in acute stage

  37. Urticaria • An intensely itchy (pruritic) area of wheals that have merged • Wheals are raised, red, and irregularly shaped • Due to an allergic reaction • Usually itchy

  38. Vesicle • A raised, clear fluid-filled sac,up to 1 cm in size • Example – blister

  39. SECONDARY SKIN LESIONS • Primary skin lesions that have changed as a result of manipulation (scratching) or natural/pathologic progression

  40. Crust • A thickened, dried area from broken pustules or vesicles • Examples: impetigo, chicken pox (when drying) scabs, eczema

  41. Erosion • A superficial, scooped-out area that does not extend into the dermal layer

  42. Excoriation • Reddened abrasions, usually from scratching • Example – scabies, insect bites

  43. Fissure • A linear crack or slit that extends through the epidermis into the dermis • Example – athlete’s foot

  44. Keloid • Excess scar tissue; most commonly seen in African-Americans • Forms at site of injury or incision

  45. Scale • A thin flaky, dry, silvery or white form of shedding keratin cells • Examples – ringworm, eczema, psoriasis

  46. Scar • Connective tissue that remains after a skin lesion has healed • Examples − chicken pox scar, acne

  47. Ulcer • A deep depression that extends into the dermis • Also called erosion,crater • Pressure ulcer (decubitus or bedsore) • Caused by lack of circulation to avulnerable area – a bony prominence • Can lead to necrosis • Potentially very serious

  48. HAIR & NAILS −GENERAL CONDITIONS • Hair • Hirsutism − abnormal hair growth (increased) • Alopecia – absence of hair, baldness • Nails • Paronychia – inflammation around nail • Onycholysis – loosening of nail plate

  49. DIAGNOSING & TREATING: TESTS • Biopsy • To determine diagnosis • Patch test • To identify specific allergies • Scratch test • Scratching surface of skin with allergens • Intradermal injections • Local inflammatory response • PPD – TB • Wood’s lamp • Ultraviolet light to diagnose tinea (ringworm)

  50. PROCEDURES • Surgical • Debriding – burns (eschar) • Laser – to remove lesions, unwanted hair • Dermabrasion • Removes scars • Chemical peel • Removes small lines and scars • Cosmetic: • Fillers and injectables – Botox • Topicals • Surgery • Many types of plastic surgery

More Related