KNR 273: Leisure Ability Model

KNR 273: Leisure Ability Model Stumbo & Peterson, 2009

Overview • Significance of a professional philosophy • Leisure Ability Model • Means/end debate • Framework for evaluating models

Why is a professional philosophy important? • It guides practice • Tells you and others why you do what you do • Regardless of philosophy or model, will use APIE • Professional philosophies are often represented in models

What is a model? • Representative of something • Provides an image or picture • Practice models must do more • Should direct practitioners in intervening with clients • Should be based on theory • Austin, 1999

Leisure Ability Model(Adopted by NTRS in 1982) • Originally by Peterson & Gunn, 1984 • Modified by Peterson & Stumbo, 2000 • Services should be based on client needs or deficits • Focus on needs related to leisure makes TR unique • Leisure is vital to overall quality of life and life satisfaction

Listen to this!!!! • “This exclusive discipline focus on leisure behavior within the umbrella of health promotion makes the field of therapeutic recreation different and unique from all other health and human services. Therapeutic recreation has much to offer clients regarding their overall health and rehabilitation goals, and its specific contribution lies in the area of leisure functioning and leisure behavior.” • p. 28

Rationale for TR Services • Every human being needs, wants, and deserves leisure • Many, if not most, individuals experience barriers to full and satisfying leisure • Many PWD may experience more frequent, severe or lasting barriers than people without disabilities

Rationale for TR Services (Cont.) • Many individuals with disabilities will need the help of CTRS to eliminate, reduce, overcome, or compensate for their barriers • The reduction of barriers allows the individuals to participate in leisure experiences of choice

Ultimate Outcome of TR Services • “is the improved ability of the individual to engage in a successful, appropriate, and meaningful independent leisure lifestyle that, in turn, leads to improved health, quality of life, and well-being. When the individual can independently and successfully engage in leisure of his or her own choice, the individual has the chance to receive psychological, physical, and social benefits as well as the more global benefits of improved health, wellness, and quality of life.” • p. 29

Clients • Any individual with a physical, mental, social, or emotional condition that limits leisure functioning • Individuals with illnesses, disabilities, or conditions acknowledged by health and human services classification systems • Medical & psychiatric classification schemes • DSM IV • WHO, ICF • Healthy People 2010 • Also includes legal offenders, at-risk youth • Deviation from social norms & become recipients of specialized services

Clients (Major groups) • Psychiatric and mental health services • 35% • Geriatrics • 30% • Physical medication services • 18.4% • Developmental disabilities • 13.6% • Riley & Connolly, 2007

Settings • Any agency or center that serves the clients we discussed • Clinical, residential, community • Page 31-32

Hospitals 38.6% Skilled nursing facilities 19.3% Residential & transitional settings 15.0% Community settings 14.4% Partial/outpatient facilities 3.9% Day care/day treatment 3.6% Schools 1.9% Correctional centers 1.4% Riley & Connolly, 2007 Settings (Major settings)

Process • Selection, development, implementation, and evaluation of goal oriented services • Functional intervention • Leisure education • Recreation participation

Purpose of TR • Is to facilitate the development, maintenance, and expression of an appropriate leisure lifestyle • p. 33

Leisure Lifestyle • Is the day-to-day behavioral expression of one’s leisure-related attitudes, awareness, and activities revealed in the context and composite of the total life experience • p. 14

Leisure Lifestyle (cont.) • Implies that an individual has sufficient skills, knowledge, attitudes, and abilities to participate successfully in and be satisfied with leisure and recreation experiences that are incorporated into his or her individual life pattern. (Peterson & Stumbo, 2000, p. 7)

Leisure Lifestyle as an Outcome Means Client … • Has reduced functional limitations that prohibit leisure involvement (or has learned how to overcome these barriers) • Understands and values the importance of leisure • Incorporates leisure into daily life • Is competent in a variety of leisure activities • Has adequate social skills for involvement with others

Leisure Lifestyle as an Outcome Means Client … • Is able to choose between several leisure options and make decisions for leisure participation • Is able to locate and use leisure resources • Has increased perceptions of choice, responsibility, and independence with regard to leisure • p. 70

In other words…. • TR is helping individuals with disabilities and/or illnesses develop and more freely express their leisure choices • AND • The outcome of TR services is the improved ability of the individual to make and act on choices for leisure that are rewarding and successful

Psycho-Social Theories of Leisure Behavior • Perceived freedom & personal choice • Intrinsic motivation • Self-efficacy, locus of control, & causal attribution • Optimal experiences (flow)

Leisure Ability Model • 3 major categories of service • Functional Intervention • Leisure Education • Recreation Participation • See p. 34

Functional Intervention • Focus is on improving functional behaviors which are prerequisites to, or necessary part of, leisure involvement • Baseline abilities that are prerequisite to typical leisure behavior • 4 domains • Physical • Mental/cognitive • Emotional/affective • Social

Sample Functional Behaviors Addressed by TR Intervention • Depression: decreased energy level; inability to express emotions appropriately, decreased stamina • Dementia: minimal orientation; limited attention span • Intellectual disability: delayed motor and social development; limited attention span • Spinal Cord Injury: minimal strength; endurance; depression

Functional Intervention • Role of CTRS • Therapist • Degree of Control • Intervention mostly controlled by therapist • Degree of Freedom in Participation • Obligatory behavior, constrained, prescribed, dependent, extrinsically rewarded

Leisure Education • Focus on the development and acquisition of various leisure-related skills, attitudes, and knowledge • 4 components • Leisure Awareness • Social Interaction Skills • Leisure Activity Skills • Leisure Resources • See p. 43

Leisure Awareness • Cognitive appreciation of leisure • Content includes, but not limited to: • Knowledge of leisure • Self-awareness in relation to leisure • Leisure and play attitudes • Related leisure participatory and decision-making skills • Can be separate or combined programs • See page 45-48

Social Interaction Skills • Communication skills • Assertiveness, active listening, empathy • Relationship-building skills • Friendship development, cooperation, competition • Self-presentation skills • Manners, hygiene, grooming, appropriate attire • See page 49-52

Leisure Activity Skills • Develop a repertoire of diverse leisure skills • Two categories • Traditional • Nontraditional • See page 52-56

Activity opportunities Personal resources Family and home resources Community resources State and national resources Knowledge Utilization See pages 57-60 Leisure Resources

Leisure Education • Role of CTRS • Instructor, advisor, counselor • BUT cautions about use of term counselor • Degree of Control • Responsibility shared between CTRS & client

Recreation Participation • Focus on providing an opportunities for fun, enjoyment, and self-expression within organized delivery systems • Leagues, tournaments • Special Events • Activities requiring specialized equipment • Opportunities for self-initiated activity

Recreation Participation Goals • Increase ability to assume responsibility for personal leisure participation • Increase ability to make and follow through on decisions, regarding leisure involvement • Increase competence in leisure skills through practice and involvement • Increase sense of mastery through attainment and performance of skills

Recreation Participation Roles • Practice and application of skills • Inclusionary program • Normalization of institutional routine • Focus on “well” aspects of client • Expression of leisure lifestyle • Diversion or palliative purposes • Fun & belonging

Recreation Participation • Role of CTRS • Leader, facilitator, supervisor • Degree of Control • Opportunity for participation provided for client • Degree of Freedom • Independent, self-regulated, intrinsically rewarding

Leisure Ability Model • Programs/interventions based on individual client need that is related to leisure • All populations • All settings • May need services in 1, 2, or all 3 areas

Leisure Ability Summary • Assumptions (Rationale): • Leisure is a need & right of all individuals • Many individuals experience constraints & barriers to leisure • TR services are designed to facilitate individuals’ independence in leisure functioning • Mission: Leisure • Leisure is end product or outcome

Summary (Cont.) • Definition of TR (Purpose) • To facilitate the development, maintenance, and expression of an appropriate leisure lifestyle for individuals with physical, mental, emotional or social limitations • Service Areas • Functional Intervention • Leisure Education • Recreation Participation

Extensive use in field (most widely used) Acceptability & utilization in field Flexibility (settings & population) Services based on client needs Stood test of time Oldest Fostered consistency in practice Brought profession together Most recognized Recognizes importance of recreation participation Leisure Ability Strengths

Referenced in NCTRC & accreditation Common sense approach to TR High degree of merit Tied to leisure theory Graphics clear, concise & comprehensive Good clarity of terms Good for program design (1-1 or group) Strengths (Cont.)

Based on nondisabled adult leisure behavior Some terms ill defined (leisure lifestyle) Focuses on leisure instead of therapy Too broad More empirical research is needed Widely debated Problems with conceptual/theory Recreation participation is not reimbursable service Leisure Ability Concerns

Recreation participation as role of CTRS Lack of attention to health & independent functioning outside of leisure Programs designed for 1 outcome Linear conceptualization Not in concert with current health cares’ focus on functional outcomes Concerns (Cont.)

Is Therapeutic Recreation a means to an end or an end in itself?

Means means… • Instrumental • Tool to produce some other outcome (eg. Improve health, decrease depression) • Recreation as an agent (means) of change • Means is anything that contributes to the attainment of an end. It receives it value in proportions to its utility for yielding an end. A means, therefore, is subordinate to an end and has no value unless directed toward one.

Means (Cont.) • Means orientation indicates change or improvement of functional behaviors as the desired end. • Draws from a medical, psychiatric, psychological and human development body of knowledge

End means… • Intrinsic • Leisure or recreation is the outcome that TR services aim to produce • End is anything that is valuable in its own right and is done for its own sake. An end is good for its own sake

Ends (Cont.) • Implies that the ultimate outcome is related to leisure behavior • Draws on the body of knowledge related to leisure • Some models regard leisure as both a means & an end • Both a tool and a product of TR services

Can TR be both at the same time? • Does the Leisure Ability Model emphasize one over the other? Which? How?

Criteria to Evaluate TR Practice Models • Easy to follow (graphic depiction, clarity of terms & concepts) • Accommodates a variety of clients & settings • Flexibility in types of services • What is the end goal? Purposes • Underlying assumptions • Theoretical bases • Direction for research & practice • Could you explain TR with this model? • Could you design programs?

One Minute Paper • Clear • Muddy • General Comments

KNR 273: Leisure Ability Model