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New Movements in America. Immigrants, Reformers, and the Arts. Irish Immigration. In the 1840s a blight on the potato crop caused a famine in Ireland. Four million Irishmen fled to the U.S. between 1840-1860. They settled mostly in Boston, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania .
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New Movements in America Immigrants, Reformers, and the Arts
Irish Immigration • In the 1840s a blight on the potato crop caused a famine in Ireland. • Four million Irishmen fled to the U.S. between 1840-1860. • They settled mostly in Boston, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania .
German Immigrants • Revolutions and political instability in Europe in 1848 prompted many Germans to seek refuge in the U.S.A. • They settled mainly in the west where they became farmers and craftsmen.
Urban Squalor • Many immigrants lived in crowded unsanitary tenements. • Immigrants were often employed working long hours in unsafe factories known as sweatshops.
Anti-Immigration Movements • Immigrants who spoke unfamiliar languages and worshipped differently were feared and reviled . • Workers feared that cheap immigrant labor would drive down wages. • Anti-immigrant groups such as the Know-Nothings and the Nativists were active in the 1840s and 1850s. They particularly despised Catholics and Jews. Racism and xenophobia were reflected in popular cartoons of the day.
Transcendentalists • Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau opposed the Mexican War and slavery and advocated self-reliance and civil disobedience.
Literature • American authors such as Edgar Allan Poe, Emily Dickinson, and Herman Melville influenced future authors in America and abroad. • Mark Twain was the greatest humorist and satirist of the age. Edgar Allan Poe
Second Great Awakening • Charles Grandison Finney (top) preached that sinners could save their souls through good works (helping the poor and the needy etc.) • His teachings were spread in raucous outdoor meetings known as revivals. • Traditional protestant ministers such as Lyman Beecher (right) fretted that Finney’s personal approach to salvation would erode the power and influence of established Protestant ministers.
Reformers make the world a better Place • Carry Nation crusaded for temperance (alcohol abuse prevention). • Horace Mann was an advocate for free public education. • Dorothea Dix fought for humane and sanitary prisons and mental institutions. • Catherine Beecher was outspoken on behalf of higher education for women. • Thomas Gallaudet was a pioneer in the field of education for the hearing impaired.
Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison, a pacifist, founded the American Anti-Slavery Society and published an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator. • The Grimke sisters tried to persuade white southern women to oppose slavery. • Escaped slave, Frederick Douglass, published several autobiographies and a newspaper, the North Star. • Sojourner Truth used her stirring voice and quick wit to preach against slavery. • Harriet Tubman led more than 300 slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad. • Elijah Lovejoy was killed for his anti-slavery views.
Suffragettes • Abolitionists like Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and the Grimke sisters also fought for equal rights for women. • Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Lucy Stone used civil disobedience, non-violent protests, mass demonstrations, and impassioned appeals to help win the right to vote for women. The suffragettes finally succeeded with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Bring Your Pennies! • Don’t these girls deserve a school? • Shouldn’t you help? • Isn’t Mr. Scalo’s class the best place to give? • What are you waiting for?
