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Turn of the Century

Turn of the Century. Chapter 8. Scientific Advancements. Skyscrapers Transportation Urban Planning New Technology. Skyscrapers. Bessemer steel Invention of elevators Important architects: Louis Sullivan – Wainwright building (St. Louis)

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Turn of the Century

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  1. Turn of the Century Chapter 8

  2. Scientific Advancements • Skyscrapers • Transportation • Urban Planning • New Technology

  3. Skyscrapers • Bessemer steel • Invention of elevators • Important architects: • Louis Sullivan – Wainwright building (St. Louis) • Daniel Burnham – Flatiron Building, designed Chicago’s waterfront park area

  4. Transportation • Electric streetcars • Trolleys • Above or underground • “el” in Chicago • Subways in New York • Richmond – 1st electric transit system • New rail lines • Connect suburbs with downtown areas • Changing dynamic of city life, people moving out of cities and into suburbs

  5. Urban Planning • Bridge Building • Recreational areas • Central Park in New York • Frederick Law Olmstead • City Planning • Designed for growth of streets, parks, transportation, etc.

  6. New Technology • Printing Press • High literacy rates led to increased reading • Cheap paper from wood pulp • Electric press, both sides of paper, folded • Affordable to average person • Airplanes • Wilbur and Orville Wright • 1903, Kitty Hawk, N.C., lasted 12 seconds • By 1920, transcontinental airmail estab. • Planes used by WWI

  7. New Technology cont’d • Photography • New film made photography more portable • George Eastman • Developed film • Introduced a camera that the public could use • Revolutionized photography for journalism and the average person

  8. Public Education • Pre Civil War Era • Most states had public schools • Few attended high school • Many kids didn’t receive formal education • Post Civil War Era • 12-16 wks of school per year (ages 8-14) • Harsh punishments • Few African-Americans attended school

  9. Education cont’d. • Industrial Era • Further growth of schools • Expansion of coursework to include science and social studies • Kindergarten programs started • Vocational training (gender appropriate) • Men = mechanical/women = office & secretarial • Immigrants and African-Americans • Immigrants were encouraged to go to school to be Americanized • African-Americans weren’t encouraged to go to school, less than 1% went to h.s.

  10. College • Increased enrollment • Quadrupled from 1880-1920 • Encouraged research, study of languages, psychology and sociology • Founding of African-American colleges • Howard, Atlanta and Fisk Universities founded • Booker T. Washington • Thought blacks could get ahead w/ better skills so they were more valuable to society • Founded Tuskegee University • W.E.B. Dubois • 1st African-American to graduate from Harvard with a doctorate • Niagara Movement: believed blacks should seek a liberal arts degree to become leaders • Believed through leadership African-Americans would be accepted in mainstream society

  11. Issues Segregation Discrimination Treatment of others as different or less than because of the color of skin or ethnic background • Separation of certain groups from particular areas and services that are available to others

  12. Legal Discrimination • Voting Restrictions • Literacy Tests • Poll taxes • Grandfather Clause • Helped illiterate whites vote while keeping African-Americans from voting • If their father could vote, they could vote • This kept African-Americans from voting

  13. Jim Crow Laws • Legal segregation • Provided white facilities and black facilities

  14. Plessy vs. Ferguson • 1896 • Supreme Court found segregation was legal • Created “separate but equal” • Legalized racial segregation for 60 years

  15. Race Relations • Racial etiquette – how blacks and whites addressed one another • Never shook hands • Blacks had to yield to whites on sidewalks • Black men had to remove their hat for all whites • Blacks treated as second rate citizens • Failure to follow etiquette rules would result in severe punishment or death (lynching, shot)

  16. Race Relations cont’d. In the North In the West Mexicans Worked for less $ Hard work Forced into debt patronage (forced slavery) Chinese Segregated Whites feared for job competition Chinese Exclusion Act • Segregated neighborhoods • Unions discouraged black membership • Only hired as a last resort • Violence often erupted

  17. Mass Culture • Entertainment • Bicycling, tennis, amusement parks, spectator sports (baseball, boxing) • ..\My Videos\Ch 8 clip.wmv • ..\My Videos\Ch 8 clip 2.wmv

  18. Mass Culture cont’d. • Art galleries • Thomas Eakins (realism) • Literature • Mark Twain – portrayed “realistic” life in America • Shopping/Advertising • Department stores (Macy’s, Marshall Fields) • Chain stores (Woolworth’s) • Billboards • Catalogs (Sears, Montgomery Wards)

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