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An appeal by IUA and UNESCO: “… the citizens of the world rediscover their place in the Universe through the day- and night-time sky observation, and thereby engage a personal sense of wonder and discovery… .”. 400 YEARS OF THE astronomical observation by TELescope. Talk by : Surajit Sen
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An appeal by IUA and UNESCO: “… the citizens of the world rediscover their place in the Universe through the day- and night-time sky observation, and thereby engage a personal sense of wonder and discovery… .” 400 YEARS OF THE astronomical observation by TELescope
Talk by: Surajit Sen Physics Department G C College Silchar Galileo : Father of Modern Science(END of Papal Doctrine) • Galileo GeLILei (1564 -1642)
Contents • 1. `Papal Doctrine’ in medieval age • 2. Galileo: Biographical Timeline • 3. Power of equation • i) Evolution of Mechanics • ii) Law of Falling Bodies • iii) Laws of Kinematics • iv) How Galileo’s was an inch away from Newton’s laws of motion.
Contents • 4. Other major discoveries • 5. Power of Telescope i) Galilean Telescope ii) Momentous astronomical discoveries • 6. Telescope versus Church • 7. End of Papal Doctrine • 8. Why Galileo is regarded as the `Father of Modern Science’?
Papal Doctrine in Medieval Age • The Vatican considered `Ptolemaic and Aristotelian Thought’ as a `Papal Doctrine’ and the civic society accepted it without any experimental demonstration.
Aristotelian Thought (384 - 322 B.C.) “Heavier bodies fall faster than the lighter bodies”, i.e., “Objects falling under gravity is proportional to their mass”. ARISTOTLIAN `THOUGHT’ M1 M2 M1>M2 t1<t2
Ptolemaic Thought (2nd Century A.D.) SUN “Sun, moon and all planets (up to Saturn) move around the Earth in circular path in the backdrop of fixed stars”. Planet EARTH
Why to Celebrate the Discovery of Telescope • GALILEO GELILEI established the pivotal role of `EXPERIMENT’ as the `SCIENTIFIC METHOD’ which is essential to validate of any scientific proposal or thought. • Using `TELESCOPE’ he further established Copernicus’ `HELIOCENTRIC THEORY’ which compels the Vatican to correct its stand on the `GEOCENTRIC THEORY’.
Mechanics: Queen of Physical Sciences • Galileo Other Major Players Lagrange Hamiltonian Jacobi De Alembert
Power of Equation F = 0 F =/= 0
Experiment with Uniform Motion V=L/T V=L/T V=L/T V=L/T V=L/T • Uniform Motion =>No Acceleration
Experiment with Non-Uniform Motion V1= L1 / T V3= L3 / T V2= L2 / T V1= L1 / T V2= L2 / T • Non-uniform Motion => Uniform Acceleration
Galileo’s Experiment of Falling Bodies • Galileo’s famous experiment from the Leaning Tower of Pisa demonstrates that, `The time of fall of different bodies is independent of their mass’. ARISTOTLE `THOUGHT’ GALILEO `EXPERIMENTED’ M1 M2 M1 M2 M1>M2 t1<t2 M1>M2 t1=t2
Galileo and Laws of Kinematics (Concept of Uniform Motion) • Theorem of Uniform Motion: “If a moving particle, carried uniformly at constant speed, traverses two distances, the time intervals required are to each other in the ratio of these distances.”
Galileo and Laws of Kinematics (Concept of Accelerated Motion) • Theorem of Non-uniform Motion: “If two particles are moved at a uniform rate, but with unequal speeds, through unequal distances, then the ratio of time intervals occupied will be the product of the ratio of the distances by the inverse ratio of the speeds.” • Uniform rate means the Uniform Acceleration: (1)
Galileo and Laws of Kinematics (Concept of Accelerated Motion) • For non-uniform velocity we obtain from the law, (2) • Eliminating velocities from Eqs.(1) and (2) gives most important Law of Kinematics; same as the law of falling bodies:
Galileo’s Law of Falling Bodies “The spaces described by the bodies falling from rest with a uniformly accelerated motion is equal to the ratio of the squares of the time intervals employed in traversing these distances.” • Thus we obtain famous `Law of Falling Bodies’:
An Experiment with Free-Fall Time Distance Velocity Acceleration 0 Sec 0 meter 0m/sec -9.8 m/Sec^2 1 Sec -4.9 meter -9.8 m/sec -9.8 m/Sec^2 2 Sec -19.6 meter -19.6m/sec -9.8 m/Sec^2 3 Sec 44.1 meter -29.4m/sec -9.8m/Sec^2
Plots for `Free-Fall’ Experiment Acceleration (m/sec^2) Velocity (m/sec) Distance (m) Time (In Sec)
Modernized Laws of Kinematics i) Concept of uniform motion: ii) Concept of acceleration for non-uniform motion: iii) Law followed by the accelerated bodies: iv) Eliminating time one obtains an auxiliary relation:
How Galileo was a few inch away from Newton • Galileo’s Law of Inertia: “Imagine any particle projected along a horizontal plane without friction; then we know . . . that this particle will move along this plane with a motion which is uniform and perpetual, provided the plane has no limits.” “A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion continues to move at constant velocity along a straight line unless acted upon by an external force” • Newton’s Law of Inertia: “Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right [straight] line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.”.
How Galileo was a few inch away from Newton • Galileo : “Acceleration is directly proportional to the motive force and inversely proportional to the volume of the body”. • Newton’s second law: “The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed and is made in the direction of the force”.
Other Major Scientific Contributions • i) Isochronous character of Simple Pendulum • ii) Pendulum based clock • iii) Parabolic Path of Projectile • iv) Determination of specific gravity by Hydrostatic Balance (1586) • v) Water lifting pump • vi) Thermoscope (Earlier version of Thermometer) • vii) Military compass • viii) Improved Microscope
From his treatise `The Assayer’ • “Philosophy is written in this grand book the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and to read the alphabet in which it is composed. It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles and other geometric figures, without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one wanders about in a dark labyrinth.” – Galileo (1622)
How Modern Observation revalidated Galileo’s Discoveries
Galilean Telescope • Galileo was the first person to use the refracting telescope, now known as Galilean Telescope, for astronomical observation.
Galileoscope and A Modern Telescope Galileo’s Telescope Hubble space Telescope
Phases of Venus Galileo’s diagramModern observation
Sunspots & their Movement Galileo’s diagramModern observation
Lunar Mountains & Craters Galileo’s diagramModern observation
Starry Milky Way Galileo’s diagramModern observation
Strange Feature of Saturn Galileo’s diagramModern observation
Galileo and Modern Astronomy 1. Developed and improved Telescope forastronomical observation (1609) • 2. Phases of Venus • 3. Satellites of Jupiter • 4. Mountain in the moon • 5. Stars as the composition of the Milky Way • 6. Sunspot and its movement • 7. Strange feature of Saturn • 8. Established the Copernican thought of heliocentric universe.
Telescope versus Church Effect of Papal Doctrine
