Jhar Devime

1. Jhar Devime AP Psychology Project

2. Topics • Memory • Language • Thinking • Problem Solving • Creativity

3. Memory

4. Memory • Memory-the persistence of learning overtime through through the storage and retrieval of information • Encoding-we get info into the brain • Storage-retain info in the brain • Retrieval-later get it back out the brain

5. 2 Types of Memory • Short Term-activated memory that holds a new item briefly Ex. Dialing phone number • Long Term-the permanent and limitless storehouse of memory Ex. Remembering when you born

6. Encoding • Automatic processing-unconscious encoding of incidental information Ex.recall where you left your keys • Effortless processing-encoding that requires attention and conscious effort Ex.reading a book • Rehearsal-the conscious repetition of information Ex. alphabet

7. Storage • Ionic Memory-a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli Ex. Photographs • Echoic Memory-momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli Ex. Songs

8. Types of Longs Term Memory • Implicit-retention without conscious recollection(non-declarative) • Explicit-memory of facts and experience that one can consciously know(declarative)

9. Retrieval • Recall-a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information Ex. Fill in the blank test • Recognition-a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items Ex. Multiple choice test • Relearning-a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved

10. Language

11. Language • Our spoken ,written or gestured words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. • Phoneme • Morpheme

12. Structure • Phonemes-in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit Ex. Boot, boat, bought • Morphemes-in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning Ex. Ed, un, ly • Syntax-is a system of rules that governs how words can be meaningfully arranged to form phrases and sentences.

13. Language Development

14. B.F. Skinner • He believe language development can be explained with learning principles -association ( words that are close together) -reinforcement ( when something is done right) -imitation ( when words or modeled by another)

15. Thinking

16. Cognition • The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering. • When humans think, they manipulate mental representations of objects, actions, events, and ideas. Humans commonly use mental representations such as concepts, prototypes, and cognitive

17. Concepts • a mental category that groups similar objects, events, qualities, or actions • Sports = basketball, baseball, soccer, football

18. Prototypes • A mental image or best example of a category • Goldfish and eels are both fish, but most people will agree that a goldfish is a fish more quickly than they will agree that an eel is a fish. A goldfish fits the “fish” prototype better than an eel does.

19. Problem Solving

20. Problem Solving • is the active effort people make to achieve a goal that cannot be easily attained.

21. Arranging • elements in a way that fulfills certain criteria.

22. Transformation • a series of changes to achieve a specific goal

23. Approaches • There are many strategies for solving problems, included trial and error, algorithms, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, heuristics, dialectical reasoning

24. Trail and Error • involves trying out different solutions until one works. This type of strategy is practical only when the number of possible solutions is relatively small. • Ex. puzzle pieces

25. Algorithm • are step-by-step procedures that are guaranteed to achieve a particular goal. • Ex. Cooking

26. Deductive Reasoning • is the process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises or statements • Ex. All cats have tails so cheetahs have tails

27. Inductive Reasoning • is the process by which a general conclusion is drawn from examples. • Ex. A black person runs fast, so you assume all black people run fast

28. Heuristic • is a general rule of thumb that may lead to a correct solution but doesn’t guarantee one • Ex. Time test, do the easy question first

29. Dialectical Reasoning • is the process of going back and forth between opposing points of view in order to come up with a satisfactory solution. • Pros and Cons of situations

30. Sub-Goals • involves coming up with intermediate steps to solve a problem. • Ex. Solving math equations

31. Creativity

32. Creativity • is the ability to generate novel, valuable ideas. • Just cause your intelligent doesn’t mean your creative

33. Divergent Thinking • people’s thoughts go off in different directions as they try to generate many different solutions to a problem • Ex. Brainstorming

34. Convergent Thinking • people narrow down a list of possibilities to arrive at a single right answer • Ex. Categorizing

35. Characteristic • Expertise • Nonconformity • Curiosity • Persistence • Intrinsic Motivation

36. Expertise • Creative people usually have considerable training, knowledge, and expertise in their field • Ex. Drill Sergeants

37. Nonconformity • Creative people tend to think independently and have relatively little concern for what others think of them. • Ex. Homosexuals

38. Curiosity • Creative people tend to be open to new experiences and willing to explore unusual events • Ex. Travelers

39. Persistence • Creative people are usually willing to work hard to overcome obstacles and take risks. • Ex. Police officers

40. Intrinsic Motivation • Creative people tend to be motivated more by rewards • Ex. Game Shows