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The Agricultural Revolution. It Begins…. Population grows nearly 50% between 1700-1800. The “putting out” system developed- mobilized the resources of the rural labor force for commercial production of large quantities of manufactured goods. Entrepreneurs buy raw materials.
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The Agricultural Revolution
It Begins… • Population grows nearly 50% between 1700-1800. • The “putting out” system developed- mobilized the resources of the rural labor force for commercial production of large quantities of manufactured goods. Entrepreneurs buy raw materials Workers give manufactured goods to Entrepreneur to sell Raw materials given to workers in their homes • Low expense and skill level. Sons of farmers had to wait to inherit land before starting a family but sons of weavers needed only a loom to begin theirs and this led to earlier marriages and overpopulation.
More People Means… • More food is needed… • Enclosure- started in the 16th century in England- the process by which previously open fields were taken and enclosed by landowners. • Poor farmers who had once enjoyed the right to use land found themselves reduced to working as hired hands for larger landowners. • Led to the passage of the Enclosure Act by Parliament, if people won’t enclose their land then it would be legislated by government. • 1.5 million acres of farmland were enclosed by this act. • This did lead individual land owners to invest in improvements to produce more food and more profit in their enclosure.
Agricultural Innovations • Widespread use of clovers and turnips- restore nutrients to the soil and cause more manure output in animals. • Meadow Floating- previously in the fall animals had to be slaughtered because there wasn’t enough food for animals and humans. • Flooded low lying land near streams to prevent it from freezing which created an early grass so less animals had to be killed. Convertible Husbandry which leads to specialization in regions. Jethro Tull- applies the hoe to farming and the drill to plant seeds in rows instead of scattering them.
The Industrial Revolution A sustained period of economic growth and change brought about by the application of technological innovations to the process of manufacturing. Took place largely between 1750-1850
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
IR is a regional occurrence vs. a national one, occurring in areas where mineral resources were abundant and domestic manufacturing was already occurring. • Water- had an internal water system tying communities together. Cheaper to send goods by canal vs. over land. The Navigation Acts continued to allow more and more canals to be built for transport. • Coal- used as fuel, abundant, easy to transport on water. • Supply of Capital- ready supply of capital from colonies and cottage industries for investment in new machines and factories. Britain also had a central banking system with well developed credit facilities. • Britain wasn’t experiencing the warfare that Europe was.
Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”
Industrial Entrepreneurs- individuals who were interested in making profits • Government- Britain’s government provided a stable environment for industrial growth, protection of private property and provided freedom to private enterprises. • Markets- a supply of markets gave Britain an outlet for their manufactured goods. Colonial empire was the largest in the world, at home Britain had the highest standing of living and a rapidly growing population.
Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Cotton Industry • Invention of the flying shuttle led to weavers doubling their output. This caused shortages in yarn until… • James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny, allowed spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities. • Richard Arkwright created the water frame • Samuel Crompton created the mule, a combination of the water frame and the spinning jenny. • Edward Cartwright- power loom (1787) allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn. • These machines were very large, so it made sense for entrepreneurs to bring people to the machines, in what became factories next to rivers, the source of power for the machines, vs. working out of home. • This caused an increase in town populations as people moved to be near the factories they worked in. • The steam engine would push the cotton industry to even greater heights.
Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Industrial Factory • Factory was the chief means of organizing labor for new machines. • Demanded a new kind of discipline from its employees bc owners couldn’t afford to leave the machines idle, so employees worked set, regular items. • Factory conditions were terrible, factory owners were harsh and brutal towards their workers and the work was repetitive and boring. • Children were employed for 12-18 hours a day and took terrible risks squeezing into the machines to fix them where adults couldn’t reach.
The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”
Steam Engine • Ensured the triumph of the Industrial Revolution. • James Watt invented it in the 1760’s. • Steam engines were powered by coal, so they didn’t have to be located by rivers. • Increased cotton output by 20 million pounds. • Unlike horses and humans, it was a tireless machine.
New Transportation of the Industrial Revolution
The Impact of the Railroad Contributed significantly to the growing of the IR. The railroad needed coal and iron, ensuring those industries grew, railroads encouraged investors and created new job opportunities. A cheaper and faster way to move goods increased economic growth.
Britain’s Great Exhibition • In 1851 Britain organized the world’s first industrial fair. • Kensington in London at the Crystal Palace (structure made entirely of glass) • Contained 100,000 exhibits that showed the wide variety of products created by the industrial revolution. • 6 million people came over a period of 6 months • Displayed Britain's wealth to the world and was a symbol of Britain's success. • Even trees were brought inside the Crystal Palace to show that the IR had achieved human domination over nature. • By the year of the Great Exhibition Britain was the world’s first industrial nation and the world’s wealthiest. • Produced ½ of the world’s coal and manufactured goods.
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Spread of the IR • IR began in Britain and spread to continental Europe and the US at different rates. • Belgium, France and Germany were first, followed by the US. • The IR didn’t spread to the rest of Europe or other parts of the world until 1850. Some differences between the two: • Because of the FR and Napoleonic Wars 1790-1815 • Lack of technical knowledge- but eventually just borrowed and learned from Britain. By 1840- the continental countries were independent. • Government in most continental countries played a significant role in economic affairs, so continental governments shouldered much of the cost of the IR and it’s start up. • Joint Stock Investment Banking on the Continent- banks mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could then be put back into the industry. (previously continental banks had been private). Shareholders could invest in companies and were only liable up to the amount of their share.
The IR in the US • In the 1800’s the US was an agrarian society, 6 out of every 7 people were farmers. • Borrowed initial machinery and knowledge from Great Britain. • The US was much larger so lacking an internal transportation system limited economic progress so thousands of miles of roads and canals were built. • Steamboats and railroads were built. • Women became a large part of the new industrial, especially textile work force. • The Northeast was much more industrialized than the south.
The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute
Population increased dramatically in the 19th century- cannot be explained by higher birthrates, because those were dropping. Instead there was a decline in death rates. Ireland became one of the most oppressed areas in Western Europe, a potato blight (which they depended on for food) decimated the population, over a million died and 2 million moved to the US or Britain. Industrial Staffordshire
Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858 Western World is not predominately urban until the 20th century, but cities and towns are growing rapidly. Dramatic growth of cities produces miserable living conditions for many of the inhabitants. Families crammed into tiny rooms, 5 to a bed, streets used as sewers, terrible pollution from factories, adulteration of food was rampart. Increased crime, prostitution and sexual immorality.
Rise of industrial capitalism produced a new middle class group, the middle class itself was not new, but now people involved in commerce and industry were added to the term. • People who built the factories, purchased the machine and figured out where the markets would be. They were the industrial entrepreneurs not the workers.
